Integrated control of wheat blossom midge - HGCA

Table 1. Genotype : wbm interactionsName Mechanism Impact ReferencesResistance 1 Higher initial level and/or faster response inproducing p-coumaricacid in response toattack.Larvae fail to grow through tosecond instar. Level tends toincrease in all CVs after GS59protecting against later larvae.McKenzie etal. (2002);Berzonsky etal., 2003),Ding et al.(2000).Resistance 2. Higher initial level and/or faster response inLarvae fail to grow through tosecond instar. Level tends toDing et al.(2000).producing ferulic acid inresponse to attack.increase in all CVs after GS59protecting against later larvae.Tolerance 1 Attacked grain lessaffected by larvaGrain size less reduced,retained over sieves intoKurppa(1989).harvested sampleEscape 1 Early flowering varietytending to come into earIf achieves GS59 before thestart of oviposition may escapeBarnes (1956);Kurppa (1989)before the mainemergence of wbm.entirely.Escape 2 Good flowering biology Reduces the period of Barnes (1956).reduces the time spent inGS55-59.exposure, but may stillcoincide with a majoroviposition event.Escape 3 Close flowering reducesthe ability of wbm to layIncreases natural mortality ofeggs and young larvaeWise et al.(2001).eggs within the floretforcing them to lay inmore exposed positions.migrating to feeding sites.Escape 4 Plant exudes low levelsor less attractive blendof acetophenone, (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate and 3-carene during earemergence.Attracts fewer midges to fieldsat susceptible growth stage.Birkett et al2004.11