Integrated control of wheat blossom midge - HGCA

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4. CONCLUSIONS• The project has made considerable progress towards the development of a monitoring system formale S. mosellana and identified the optimum pheromone release rate and methodology for use inpheromone traps in the UK.• The pheromone, 2,7-nonanediyl dibutyrate, (Gries et al., 2000) performed well for indicating theonset of S. mosellana flight activity in the vicinity of wheat fields.• It appears that there is a relationship between numbers of midges caught in the traps and thelikelihood of crop damage even though the pheromone traps catch male rather than female insects.• The threshold level at which an insecticide application to protect the crop is warranted is probablyaround the level of 20 midges per trap per day but further work on threshold levels for pheromonetraps i.e. the numbers of insects that indicate economically damaging levels is necessary.• It is likely that the threshold will vary according to the level of susceptibility of the wheat cultivarbeing grown and the market for which it is intended. There would be a lower threshold for breadmakingwheat than feed wheat.• There are possibly situations in which immigration of female S. mosellana would mean thatpheromone traps underestimate the threat to the crop and this aspect requires future investigation.• Wheat volatiles attractive to female S. mosellana were identified as acetophenone, (Z)-3-hexenylacetate, 3-carene, 2-tridecanone, 2-ethyl-1-hexanol and 1-octen-3-ol from wheat cultivar ‘Lynx’ andα-pinene, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, and 2-dodecanone from wheat cultivar ECO22. 3-Carene andacetophenone were identified as active components of both varieties.• These showed a level of attraction similar to the pheromone in laboratory olfactometers.• Ratio of plant volatiles was crucial because use of an incorrect ratio made the mixture unattractive.• Development of a field stable formulation of plant volatiles maintaining ratio integrity throughoutthe season has proved difficult.64
5. REFERENCESBirkett, M. A., Bruce, T. J A., Martin, J. A., Smart, L. E., Oakley, J., Wadhams, L. J. (2004). Responses offemale orange wheat blossom midge, Sitodiplosis mosellana, to wheat panicle volatiles. Journal ofChemical Ecology, 30, 1319-1328.Gries, R., Gries, G., Khaskin, G., King, S., Olfert, O., Kaminski, L-A., Lamb, R. and Bennett, R. (2000) Sexpheromone of orange wheat blossom midge, Sitodiplosis mosellana. Naturwissenschaften, 87: 450-454Lamb RJ, Wise IL, Olfert OO, Gavloski J, Barker PS (1999) Distribution and seasonal abundance ofSitodiplosis mosellana (Diptera : Cecidomyiidae) in spring wheat. Canadian Entomologist 131:387-397.Lamb RJ, Tucker JR, Wise IL, Smith MAH (2000) Trophic interaction between Sitodiplosis mosellana(Diptera : Cecidomyiidae) and spring wheat: Implications for yield and seed quality. CanadianEntomologist 132:607-625.Lamb RL, Wise IL, Gavloski JE, Kaminski LA, Olfert OO (2002) Making control decisions for Sitodiplosismosellana (Diptera : Cecidomyiidae) in wheat (Gramineae) using sticky traps. Canadian Entomologist134:851-854.Maddrell, S.H.P. (1969). J. Exp. Biol. 51: 71-97.Oakley, J.N. 1994. Orange Wheat Blossom Midge: A Literature Review and Survey of the 1993 Outbreak.HGCA Research Review No. 28.Oakley JN, Cumbleton PC, Corbett SJ, Saunders P, Green DI, Young JEB, Rodgers R (1998) Prediction oforange wheat blossom midge activity and risk of damage. Crop Protection 17:145-149.Petterson, J. (1970) An aphid sex attractant. 1. Biological studies. Entomol. Scand. 1: 63-73Pivnick, K.A. & Labbe, E (1993) Daily patterns of activity of the Orange Wheat Blossom Midge,Sitodiplosis-Mosellana (Gehin) (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae). Canadian Entomologist 125: 725-736Smith, M.A.H., Wise, I.L, Lamb, R.J. (2004) Sex ratios of Sitodiplosis mosellana (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae):implications for pest management in wheat (Poaceae). Bull. Entomol. Res. 94: 569-575Wadhams, L.J. (1990). The use of coupled gas chromatography: electrophysiological techniques in theidentification of insect pheromones, pp. 289-298, in A.R. McCaffery and I.D. Wilson (eds.).Chromatography and Isolation of Insect Hormones and Pheromones. Plenum Press, New York andLondon.65
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Project Report No. 363March 2005Pri
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AbstractThe orange wheat blossom mi
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and 14 days after Soissons for the
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1210Time (min)86420treatedcontrol m
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987treatedcontrol6Time (min)5432103
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AcknowledgementsFunding for this pr
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Table 1. Genotype : wbm interaction
Page 15 and 16: MATERIALS AND METHODSVarietiesExper
Page 17 and 18: Table 4. Varieties tested in each h
Page 19 and 20: varieties. For example at Boxworth
Page 21 and 22: Table 7. Larvae per 100 grains on u
Page 23 and 24: Table 9. Numbers of larvae on chlor
Page 25 and 26: Table 11. Numbers of larvae on chlo
Page 27 and 28: Table 13 Untreated yields in 2002/0
Page 29 and 30: Table 15. Untreated yields (t/ha) i
Page 31 and 32: Table 14. Chlorpyrifos treated yiel
Page 33 and 34: analysed by ANOVA and by a Friedman
Page 35 and 36: To this end we would recommend:1. U
Page 37 and 38: Technical detail 2.Genetic Analysis
Page 39 and 40: Marker AnalysisA molecular genetic
Page 41 and 42: escape, it is not independent of ot
Page 43 and 44: Figure 1 : Levels of range blossom
Page 45 and 46: Figure 3 : Levels of orange blossom
Page 47 and 48: Figure 5: Marker analysis of a samp
Page 49 and 50: 2. MATERIALS & METHODS2.1. Synthesi
Page 51 and 52: GC column is simultaneously directe
Page 53 and 54: In 2003 field experiments were carr
Page 55 and 56: Table 2 Field Trapping Experiments
Page 57 and 58: 3.1.3. Field Trapping Experiments3.
Page 59 and 60: Fig. 6. Expt 1A 2003: pheromone dos
Page 61 and 62: 3.1.3.3. 2004 Pheromone Trap Experi
Page 63 and 64: Fig. 13. Summary of Expt 2 20046005
Page 65: attractive (Fig. 16). In addition,
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