Report on Decompression Illness, Diving Fatalities - Divers Alert ...

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Dive Computer Recognition ProgramIn 2000, DAN began a program to recognize manufacturers who makedive computers that were compatible with Project Dive Exploration. Theprogram is open to all manufacturers that have implemented the DANDive Log-7 (DL7) standard in their dive log software. The DL7 standardwas developed to support Project Dive Exploration but is applicable inany other project that involves dive data collection.The purpose of the Computer Recognition Program is to increase participationin PDE by increasing awareness of all dive computer users. To date,the four participating manufacturers (Cochran, DiveRite, Suunto andUwatec / Scubapro) are distributing their products worldwide with anannouncement that their dive computers are compatible with Project DiveExploration. The Sensus depth-time data logger manufactured by ReefNetis also PDE-compatible.Ascent Rate StudyThis study was designed to evaluate the relationship of ascent rate todecompression illness and venous gas emboli (Doppler-detected bubbles).The study objective was to determine if there are differences in the incidencesof decompression sickness and venous gas embolism between 10-and 60-foot (3- and 18-meter) per-minute ascents after dives to 100 feet (30meters). Study dives were conducted at the Center for Hyperbaric Medicineand Environmental Physiology of Duke University Medical Center.DAN’s Support to the Dive Medical CommunityThrough DAN’s Recompression Chamber Assistance Program, DAN providestraining and financial support to recompression chambers throughoutthe Caribbean and other popular dive destinations to ensure that theyremain in operation and are properly staffed. This program complementsDAN’s semiannual dive medical courses for physicians, nurses and otherallied healthcare personnel to educate the international medical communityon the proper care and treatment of injured divers.The DANRecompressionChamber AssistanceProgram providestraining andfinancial supportto recompressionchambers throughoutthe Caribbeanand other populardive destinations.In 1996, DAN broke ground in the field of dive injury treatment and insurance,by creating a Diving Preferred Provider Network (DPPN) of hyperbaricchambers to help manage the costs of recompression treatment andto make it easier for hyperbaric facilities to receive payment for services.In 2002, DAN Services Inc. teamed with Med-Care Plus to offer DANMembers and their families access to a medical savings plan that offers upto 25 percent and more savings at physicians' locations, hospitals andmedical facilities nationwide. The plan is not insurance nor intended toreplace insurance, but it does have access for more than 500,000 physicians'locations, 75,000 medical facilities and more than 70 percent of thehospitals in the United States.DAN’s <strong>Report</strong> on Decompression Illness, Diving Fatalities and Project Dive Exploration: 2003 Edition 13
DAN Training ProgramsOxygen First Aid for Scuba Diving InjuriesThis course represents entry level training designed to educate the generaldiving (and qualified non-diving) public in recognizing possible diverelatedinjuries and providing emergency oxygen first aid while activatingthe local emergency medical services (EMS) and / or arranging for evacuationto the nearest available medical facility.For more thana decade, DANhas emphasizedthe benefitsof providingoxygen to injuredscuba divers.In DAN´s most recent dive accident report, fewer than 33 percent ofinjured divers received emergency oxygen in the field; of these, fewreceived oxygen concentrations approaching the recommended 100 percent.DAN and all major diving instructional agencies recommend that alldivers be qualified to provide 100 percent oxygen in the field to individualsinjured in a dive accident.Oxygen First Aid for Aquatic EmergenciesEvery year more than 4,000 Americans die from drowning, and manymore experience near-drowning events. For more than a decade, DAN hasemphasized the benefits of providing oxygen to injured scuba divers.During that time more than 146,000 people have been trained in this firstaid skill. In March of 1999, DAN Services, Inc., a wholly owned for-profitsubsidiary of Divers Alert Network, launched the Oxygen First Aid forAquatic Emergencies (Aquatics) program. Its goal is to extend the lifesavingskills of oxygen first aid to people who live near and play in andaround water.First Aid for Hazardous Marine Life InjuriesAlthough serious hazardous marine life injuries are rare, most diversexperience minor discomfort from unintentional encounters with firecoral, jellyfish and other marine creatures at some point in their divecareers. Knowing how to minimize these injuries helps divers reduce theirdiscomfort and pain.The First Aid for Hazardous Marine Life Injuries program is designed toprovide knowledge regarding specific types of marine creature injuriesand the general first aid treatment for those injuries.Automated External Defibrillators (AEDs)for Scuba DivingAlthough a serious cardiac emergency should always prompt an immediatecall to the local emergency medical services, Automated ExternalDefibrillators (AEDs) for Scuba Diving educates the general diving (andqualified non-diving) public to provide first aid using Basic Life Supporttechniques and automated external defibrillators. This skill may prove tobe lifesaving when you consider that diving is often conducted in remotelocations, far removed from emergency medical help.14DAN’s <strong>Report</strong> on Decompression Illness, Diving Fatalities and Project Dive Exploration: 2003 Edition
Page 1 and 2: Report onDecompres
Page 3 and 4: Dedicated toDr. Peter B. BennettThe
Page 5 and 6: AcknowledgmentsData for the 2002 <s
Page 7 and 8: International DAN OfficesDAN Americ
Page 9 and 10: When divers have questions about th
Page 11 and 12: Flying After Diving (FAD) StudyIn 1
Page 13: In 2002, DAN trained six interns fr
Page 17 and 18: DAN members are also eligible for d
Page 19 and 20: DAN Diver Identification System (DI
Page 21 and 22: Instructors who don’t have access
Page 23 and 24: Of 522 reports submitted in 2001, 5
Page 25 and 26: 2. Dive Injuries2.1 Injury Data Des
Page 27 and 28: Arterial Gas Embolism (AGE)• Symp
Page 29 and 30: The pre-existing medical problems o
Page 31 and 32: Figure 7 shows the number of self-r
Page 33 and 34: As shown on Figure 11, most diving
Page 35 and 36: As in previous years, the largest p
Page 37 and 38: Figure 19 shows number of days divi
Page 39 and 40: Figure 23 shows the maximum depth o
Page 41 and 42: 2.4 Signs and Symptoms in Injured D
Page 43 and 44: Figure 29 shows symptoms reported b
Page 45 and 46: Fig 32Distribution ofcases by PSI.E
Page 47 and 48: Figure 35 shows the administration
Page 49 and 50: Figure 37 shows the type of recompr
Page 51 and 52: 2.6 Therapeutic OutcomeFigure 40 sh
Page 53 and 54: Figure 43 shows that AGE was more l
Page 55 and 56: 3. Dive FatalitiesDAN is not the pr
Page 57 and 58: Figure 49 shows the gender and cert
Page 59 and 60: Figure 53 shows the time of day at
Page 61 and 62: Figure 57 shows the distribution of
Page 63 and 64: Figure 61 shows the limited informa
Page 65 and 66:
4. Project DiveExplorationPDE is an
Page 67 and 68:
Fig 65Cumulativenumber of PDEdives
Page 69 and 70:
Table 10Number ofseries per diver.T
Page 71 and 72:
Figure 69 illustrates the certifica
Page 73 and 74:
4.4 DivesMost PDE data (97 percent)
Page 75 and 76:
4.5 Dive SeriesPDE recorded 1,960 d
Page 77 and 78:
The maximum depth of the dive serie
Page 79 and 80:
The workload reported by divers in
Page 81 and 82:
The pre-flight surface interval (PF
Page 83 and 84:
Fig 88Percentageof dives bycertific
Page 85 and 86:
Figure 90 shows the month in which
Page 87 and 88:
All PDE divers were asked to report
Page 89 and 90:
The incidence of DCS was different
Page 91 and 92:
Figure 94 shows the proportion of m
Page 93 and 94:
Fig 98Comparison ofdive purpose byp
Page 95 and 96:
Figures 102 and 103 show how the po
Page 97 and 98:
6. Mixed-Gas DivingThis section off
Page 99 and 100:
Figure 110 shows that injured diver
Page 101 and 102:
GlossaryAGE — Arterial Gas Emboli
Page 103 and 104:
Appendix A: Injury Case Rep
Page 105 and 106:
During the second day of diving, th
Page 107 and 108:
Case 6. Delayed Onset of Mild Neuro
Page 109 and 110:
Case 9. One Diver Treated Twice in
Page 111 and 112:
Appendix B: Fatality Case R
Page 113 and 114:
Proximate Cause: Drowning / AirEmbo
Page 115 and 116:
Proximate Cause: Cardiac01-05 Divin
Page 117 and 118:
the water with the instructor and a
Page 119 and 120:
01-22 Public safety diver who was o
Page 121 and 122:
dock. Fifteen minutes into the dive
Page 123 and 124:
end of the dive, but seemed to be d
Page 125 and 126:
01-67 Inexperienced diver, diving s
Page 127 and 128:
01-61 Novice diver lost control of
Page 129 and 130:
entry into a freshwater lake for a
Page 131 and 132:
2002 PublicationsBennett PB, Rostai
Page 133 and 134:
Notes132DAN’s Report</str
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