Report on Decompression Illness, Diving Fatalities - Divers Alert ...

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2.5 Therapy for Decompression IllnessThere were 179 reports of surface oxygen use prior to recompressiontherapy. This is a significant increase in comparison to the previousyear (43 percent of all injuries versus 20 percent in 2000). Figure 34shows the method for delivering surface oxygen to injured divers.Systems providing oxygen on demand were used in 20 percent ofcases, the same percent as in 2000. In general, it seems that the availabilityof emergency oxygen equipment with delivery on demanddid not increase compared to the previous year.% of Divers Who Received Oxygen35302520151050Not SpecifiedDemandOronasalResuscitation MaskNon-RebreatherMaskNasal CanulaClosed or SemiclosedFig 34Method fordelivering surfaceoxygen beforerecompressionin injured divers(N=179).The time of oxygen administration was available in 105 cases. In 52of these, oxygen was provided within the first three hours aftersymptom onset.DAN’s <strong>Report</strong> on Decompression Illness, Diving Fatalities and Project Dive Exploration: 2003 Edition 45
Figure 35 shows the administration of surface oxygen by diagnosis.Individuals with arterial gas embolism were the most likely toreceive surface oxygen, with almost 90 percent of the cases reportingpre-treatment oxygen administration. These symptoms occurimmediately post-dive, while the diver is still at the dive site (Figure25). They are usually serious and command the attention of the diveguide and other divers who are trained to recognize diving emergencies.Thus, most dive sites appear to have emergency oxygenavailable. Once the diver leaves the dive site, the likelihood that heor she will receive emergency oxygen shortly after symptom onsetis less.Fig 35Administrationof first aid oxygenby diagnosis.% of Injured Divers1009080706050403020100DCS I AGE DCS II Lung BT AmbiguousFig 36Delay torecompressionfrom the time offirst symptomonset (N=414).Figure 36 shows the delay to recompression for injured divers fromtime of first symptom onset. The median delay to treatment was 21hours (mean 44 hours), with a range of less than one hour to 27days. More than half of the cases were recompressed within 24hours after symptom onset. In 36 percent of the cases, recompressiondelay was between one and five days, and in 7.6 percent of thecases, delay to recompression was greater than five days.% of Injured Divers20181614121086420Hours Since Symptom Onset0-23-56-1213-1819-2425-3637-4849-7273-8485-9697-108109-120>12046DAN’s <strong>Report</strong> on Decompression Illness, Diving Fatalities and Project Dive Exploration: 2003 Edition
Page 1 and 2: Report onDecompres
Page 3 and 4: Dedicated toDr. Peter B. BennettThe
Page 5 and 6: AcknowledgmentsData for the 2002 <s
Page 7 and 8: International DAN OfficesDAN Americ
Page 9 and 10: When divers have questions about th
Page 11 and 12: Flying After Diving (FAD) StudyIn 1
Page 13 and 14: In 2002, DAN trained six interns fr
Page 15 and 16: DAN Training ProgramsOxygen First A
Page 17 and 18: DAN members are also eligible for d
Page 19 and 20: DAN Diver Identification System (DI
Page 21 and 22: Instructors who don’t have access
Page 23 and 24: Of 522 reports submitted in 2001, 5
Page 25 and 26: 2. Dive Injuries2.1 Injury Data Des
Page 27 and 28: Arterial Gas Embolism (AGE)• Symp
Page 29 and 30: The pre-existing medical problems o
Page 31 and 32: Figure 7 shows the number of self-r
Page 33 and 34: As shown on Figure 11, most diving
Page 35 and 36: As in previous years, the largest p
Page 37 and 38: Figure 19 shows number of days divi
Page 39 and 40: Figure 23 shows the maximum depth o
Page 41 and 42: 2.4 Signs and Symptoms in Injured D
Page 43 and 44: Figure 29 shows symptoms reported b
Page 45: Fig 32Distribution ofcases by PSI.E
Page 49 and 50: Figure 37 shows the type of recompr
Page 51 and 52: 2.6 Therapeutic OutcomeFigure 40 sh
Page 53 and 54: Figure 43 shows that AGE was more l
Page 55 and 56: 3. Dive FatalitiesDAN is not the pr
Page 57 and 58: Figure 49 shows the gender and cert
Page 59 and 60: Figure 53 shows the time of day at
Page 61 and 62: Figure 57 shows the distribution of
Page 63 and 64: Figure 61 shows the limited informa
Page 65 and 66: 4. Project DiveExplorationPDE is an
Page 67 and 68: Fig 65Cumulativenumber of PDEdives
Page 69 and 70: Table 10Number ofseries per diver.T
Page 71 and 72: Figure 69 illustrates the certifica
Page 73 and 74: 4.4 DivesMost PDE data (97 percent)
Page 75 and 76: 4.5 Dive SeriesPDE recorded 1,960 d
Page 77 and 78: The maximum depth of the dive serie
Page 79 and 80: The workload reported by divers in
Page 81 and 82: The pre-flight surface interval (PF
Page 83 and 84: Fig 88Percentageof dives bycertific
Page 85 and 86: Figure 90 shows the month in which
Page 87 and 88: All PDE divers were asked to report
Page 89 and 90: The incidence of DCS was different
Page 91 and 92: Figure 94 shows the proportion of m
Page 93 and 94: Fig 98Comparison ofdive purpose byp
Page 95 and 96: Figures 102 and 103 show how the po
Page 97 and 98:
6. Mixed-Gas DivingThis section off
Page 99 and 100:
Figure 110 shows that injured diver
Page 101 and 102:
GlossaryAGE — Arterial Gas Emboli
Page 103 and 104:
Appendix A: Injury Case Rep
Page 105 and 106:
During the second day of diving, th
Page 107 and 108:
Case 6. Delayed Onset of Mild Neuro
Page 109 and 110:
Case 9. One Diver Treated Twice in
Page 111 and 112:
Appendix B: Fatality Case R
Page 113 and 114:
Proximate Cause: Drowning / AirEmbo
Page 115 and 116:
Proximate Cause: Cardiac01-05 Divin
Page 117 and 118:
the water with the instructor and a
Page 119 and 120:
01-22 Public safety diver who was o
Page 121 and 122:
dock. Fifteen minutes into the dive
Page 123 and 124:
end of the dive, but seemed to be d
Page 125 and 126:
01-67 Inexperienced diver, diving s
Page 127 and 128:
01-61 Novice diver lost control of
Page 129 and 130:
entry into a freshwater lake for a
Page 131 and 132:
2002 PublicationsBennett PB, Rostai
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Notes132DAN’s Report</str
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