Lighting Design + Application • October 2003 - Illuminating ...

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ENERGY ADVISORWillard L.Warren,PE, LC, FIESNATHE RECENT BLACKOUT INthe northeast was an indication ofhow vulnerable we are to power failuresdue to an over-extended electricitytransmission grid and inadequatetechnology to control cripplingcascading. Is it really “better to lightone candle than to curse the darkness”to provide emergency lighting?If you could find a candle thatwould last 24 hours for only $1, you’dget a one candlepower source deliveringone lumen (and one foot-candle,one foot away). Since a candle’slight is equivalent to a small incandescentsource with an efficacy ofonly one lumen per watt, in 24 hoursyou would have consumed 24 watthours,or .024 kWh. At a cost percandle of $1.00, that’s $42 per kWh.A $1 candle is a very low first cost,unless you had to light a large castlewhich had no electricity,in which caseyou’d have a very high bill for candles.How are we protected in ourhomes from blackouts?An outdoor “Home Depot special”portable generator with 4000watts (4 kW) capacity costs about$500 and burns half a gallon of gas anhour, reducing your initial cost to$125/kW and your hourly cost to$.25/ kWh. If you install it in the basement,hook it up to your electricpanel with an automatic starter andthrow-over switch, your initial costwill go up around $3000 to $1000per kW and you’ll have the problemsof fuel storage (unless you have naturalgas), ventilation, local environmentalcodes, noise, etc., but yourhourly cost will remain the same.In an office building, a battery packand inverter for a fluorescent luminaireproviding 500 lumens will cost$100 installed, and consume about 10watts. The unit must last 90 minutesto get UL listing and meet theNational Electric Code (NEC). Theinitial cost has gone up to$10,000/kW. The batteries will lastseven to 10 years before they have tobe replaced, but the energy cost toprovide a trickle charge to keep thebatteries at rated voltage is very low.A central diesel generator will costaround $2000 per kW of capacityand is required in the paths of egressfor health-related occupancies by theAmerican National Safety Institute’s(ANSI) “Life Safety Code,” which hasbeen adopted into law by all states.Facilities like hospitals and nursinghomes have so much essential lifesafety electric load that it pays to provideemergency lighting and exit signswith battery packs and conserve thecapacity of the central emergencygenerators for elevators, operatingrooms, cooling loads, computer systems.Thisis also true for most officebuildings, since emergency generators,like the ones in the World TradeCenter after the 1993 bombing wereknocked out by the flood in the basement,and the building lost all emergencylighting in the stairways.During the recent blackout mostemergency battery packs lasted threehours or more and some up to 12hours. If the batteries are still viablewhen power resumes, the tricklecharge will recharge the batteries.Getting “GridWise”But what choices do we have totry to prevent blackouts? The PacificNorthwest National Labs (PNNL)just sent out a bulletin explaining thatthe power grid is in need of newtechnological architecture,which theycall “GridWise.” In addition to sensingdevices that would monitor the gridto determine when load must beshed, they propose to wire into ourhomes and shut down millions of hotwater heaters, refrigerators and airconditioners until the grid stabilizes.There is a much simpler way to cutload. We know that lighting constitutesaround 35 percent of commercialload and that since the advent ofself-illuminated computer screens thewhole picture of office lighting haschanged.We don’t have the same slavishrequirement for footcandles, andas a matter of fact, the new energyconserving codes require that welimit the watts per square foot forlighting for all commercial occupancies.These lighting power densities(LPDs) have the force of law in moststates for new construction. Manyspeculative office buildings used tooffer 70 to 100 footcandles in theterms of the lease, which took threeto four watts per square foot of load.We now have LPDs of just over onewatt per square foot for office lighting.New T-8 lamps and electronic ballastsin efficient luminaires get +40footcandles at that power density.I just visited Peter Jacobson at hisnew digs at the Consolidated EdisonHeadquarters building in Manhattan.Peter is lighting specialist for ConEdison, which is systematically outfittingall floors with modular partitionedunits in open plan configurations.Thegeneral lighting is a recessed (1L) highefficiency parabolic system used incombination with in-furniture tasklighting.The illumination level is 35-50fc from the general lighting, and Peterindicated that if it were reduced 15percent, no one would notice, becauseit would still be adequate. The tasklights provide an additional 40 fc onthe desks. Task/ambient lighting isprobably the most popular designbeing used today and I’m sure you’veseen many offices done this way.If these general lighting units wereequipped with bi-level lighting, withthe ability to reduce lighting load by30 percent, Con Edison could reducetotal energy usage by 30 percent(lighting reduction) times 35 percent(percent of total load that’s lighting) =10.5 percent at times of peakdemand, by sending a signal to all customersto go into the load-sheddingmode. In some areas in the northeast,utilities pay users for the right to shutoff their swimming pool pumps orelectric hot water heaters when peakloads must be reduced.When time of day metering is imposedin most of the country, which issoon approaching, the rate for electricityduring the daytime peak period willrise to levels of $20/ kWh, which wesaw recently in California. If PeterJacobson is right,and I believe he is,thatwith today’s computer use nobodywould notice a 15 percent reduction inoverhead lighting, I’d put in controls tocut lighting load by that amount whenmy utility imposed time of day ratesthat were budget breakers.I suppose that technology will bringus fluorescent dimming at a low costpretty soon, although with all thewarnings about utility rates having toincrease to repair the infrastructure ofour transmission grid,you better stockup on cheap candles and curse a lot.Willard L.Warren PE, LC, FIESNA, is aprincipal of Willard L.Warren Associates,a consulting firm specializing in lightingand energy conservation serving designers,lighting manufacturers, utilities andgovernment organizations.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . November . . . . . 2003 . . . LD+A . . . 20 . . . www.iesna.org. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
INDUSTRY UPDATESLuraline Launches Third Annual ‘It’s YourLight’ Student Design CompetitionSouth Florida lighting manufacturer Luraline Products Company hasannounced the call for entries for its third annual “It’s Your Light” studentdesign competition.The 2003-2004 competition, which solicits new concepts for lightingfixtures from design and architecture students, focuses on outdoor lighting.Fixtures must be suitable for exterior applications, such as entrancesand walkways, outdoor signage, area and security lighting, exterior wallsand surfaces and landscape or accent lighting.“Lighting is a crucial elementin both the functionality and the ambiance of outdoor spaces,” saidLuraline president Howard Levine.“However, the technical demands thatmust be met by exterior lighting fixtures will pose an additional challengefor our student designers this year.”Entries will be judged by a panel of industry experts based on creativityand feasibility of the design. The winner will receive a cash prize of$1500 and the winning design may be put into production as part of theLuraline product line. The competition is open to students enrolled indesign and architecture programs at U.S. universities, colleges and technicalschools. Deadline for entries is December 31, 2003. For more detailsor to receive an entry form call 1-800-940-6588 or go to the websitewww.luraline.comNuckolls Fund RFPs For 2004 GrantsAre Now AvailableThe Nuckolls Fund for Lighting Education announced that requests forproposals for year 2004 grants have been posted at www.nuckollsfund.org. Educators at academic institutions in North America whoare seeking funding for programs that correspond to the fund’s missionare invited to apply for grants.The fund supports college-level programsthat inspire students with an understanding of light in architecture.In 2004, the fund intends to award three grants: the $20,000 NuckollsFund Grant, which has been given annually since 1989 for programs at thecollege level; the $10,000 Edison Price Fellowship Grant, which is given toindividual educators to enable them to further their own education; and a$20,000 grant in support of an introductory lighting program. Candidatesmay also submit a proposal that does not fall into one of those three categories.In 2003, a total of $65,000 in grants were awarded.On October 1, ENERGY STAR launched the national Change a Light, Changethe World campaign with an energy-efficient lighting makeover at the ThomasEdison Winter Home in Fort Myers, FL.The Home’s outdoor lampposts andporch lights were changed out with bulbs and fixtures that have earnedthe ENERGY STAR.TV’s renovation and design expert Steve Thomas conductsthis change-out and serves as the 2003 campaign spokesperson. Fixtureswere donated by Seagull Lighting, and bulbs were donated by Philips.Digital 3-D rendering of Lotte WorldTower II in Pusan, South Korea,designed by Minneapolis architecturalfirm Parker Durrant International.When completed in 2008, the 107-story building will be the world’s tallestat 1620 ft.World’s TallestBuilding On TheBoardsMinneapolis architectural firmParker Durrant International, asubsidiary of The Leonard ParkerAssociates, a part of the DurrantGroup, has completed theschematic design of a 107-storyoffice tower and mixed-use/retailfacility planned for construction inthe city of Pusan, South Korea.Commissioned by the SouthKorean-based Lotte Corporation,the 5.7 million sq ft Lotte World IITower is slated to be the world’stallest building at 1620 ft.The sleek steel and glass officetower’s adjoining facilities willinclude a hotel/conference center, amultiplex cinema, an IMAX theater,a department store and specialtyretail stores and restaurants. It isexpected to become a regionalattraction and international touristdestination.Initial work on the constructionsite has already begun,with completion of the retail/enter-. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . November . . . . . 2003 . . . LD+A . . . . 22. . www.iesna.org. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Lighting Design + Application • October 2003 - Illuminating ...

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