conta<strong>in</strong>ed material on Soviet military units that had long been disbanded or were no longer combat ready,Gehlen was very well paid for very cold coffee.S<strong>in</strong>ce Gehlen had no experience with <strong>in</strong>ternal Soviet <strong>in</strong>telligence or with their foreign <strong>in</strong>telligence,he was hard-pressed to use his former army staff officers to supply the US with relevant material. In 1946,Gehlen hired Willi Krichbaum, formerly the deputy chief of the Gestapo, as his senior agent recruiter.While Gehlen had no experience with Soviet spies, the Gestapo certa<strong>in</strong>ly did, and Krichbaum immediatelysought out to hire many of his old associates.At the same time, Krichbaum contacted his former chief, He<strong>in</strong>rich Müller, who was now aresident <strong>in</strong> Switzerland, and a respected and wealthy citizen. Müller was, by no means, <strong>in</strong>active <strong>in</strong> hisenforced retirement and was <strong>in</strong> contact with Krichbaum almost from the beg<strong>in</strong>n<strong>in</strong>g of his exile. Lengthyhandwritten reports from Krichbaum to Müller spann<strong>in</strong>g nearly three years exist and, while Müller’scorrespondence to Krichbaum is not <strong>in</strong> his files, the Krichbaum correspondence <strong>in</strong>dicates without a doubt,that “Gestapo” Müller was supply<strong>in</strong>g his former deputy with reams of <strong>in</strong>formation on prospectiveemployees for the new Gehlen organization, as well as a flood of concise directives on the structurenecessary to implement the needs of the US <strong>in</strong>telligence.In 1946, Gehlen began the construction of his new agency, while the Soviet military mach<strong>in</strong>e <strong>in</strong>the East Zone of Germany was <strong>in</strong> the process of down siz<strong>in</strong>g. <strong>The</strong> Second World War had proven to be aterrible economic disaster to Stal<strong>in</strong>. His troops were <strong>in</strong> the process of dismantl<strong>in</strong>g German factories whichwere still <strong>in</strong>tact, ripp<strong>in</strong>g up the railroad system, and send<strong>in</strong>g their spoils back to Russia.<strong>The</strong> American armed forces were also be<strong>in</strong>g sharply reduced, s<strong>in</strong>ce the war <strong>in</strong> the Pacific hadended <strong>in</strong> 1945. Military units were disbanded and their soldiers returned to civilian life as quickly aspossible. On the economic front, bus<strong>in</strong>esses that had enjoyed lucrative government military contracts foundthemselves with empty assembly l<strong>in</strong>es and tens of thousands of laid off workers.It has been said that there never was a good war nor a bad peace. While the latter was certa<strong>in</strong>lybeneficial to the Soviets and permitted them to rebuild their economy, it certa<strong>in</strong>ly was not beneficial foreither the rapidly-shr<strong>in</strong>k<strong>in</strong>g military or bus<strong>in</strong>ess communities <strong>in</strong> the United States.This situation permitted the development of the Gehlen organization and secured its position as avital American political resource. <strong>The</strong> US had virtually no military <strong>in</strong>telligence knowledge of the SovietUnion. But the Germans, who had fought aga<strong>in</strong>st them for four years, had. Gehlen and his military staffonly had knowledge of wartime Soviet military units which were either reduced to cadre or entirelydisbanded. However, this was of no <strong>in</strong>terest to the senior officials of US <strong>in</strong>telligence. Gehlen was tobecome a brilliant <strong>in</strong>telligence specialist with an <strong>in</strong>credible grasp of Soviet abilities and <strong>in</strong>tentions. Thispreem<strong>in</strong>ence was almost entirely fictional. It was designed to elevate Gehlen <strong>in</strong> the eyes of Americanpoliticians <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g President Truman and members of Congress, and to lend well-orchestrated weight tothe former General’s <strong>in</strong>terpretation of his employer’s needs.In 1948, Stal<strong>in</strong> sent troops <strong>in</strong>to Czechoslovakia after a m<strong>in</strong>ority but efficient communist coupwhich overthrew the Western-oriented government. This act, <strong>in</strong> February of 1948, comb<strong>in</strong>ed with theblockade of West Berl<strong>in</strong>, then occupied by the British, French and Americans <strong>in</strong> June of the same year,gave a group of senior American military leaders a heaven-sent opportunity to identify a new anddangerous military enemy—an enemy which could and would attack Western Europe and the United States<strong>in</strong> the immediate future.To facilitate the acceptance of this theory, Gehlen was requested to produce <strong>in</strong>telligence materialthat would bolster it <strong>in</strong> as authoritative a manner as possible. This Gehlen did and to set the parameters ofthis report, Gehlen, General Stephen Chamberla<strong>in</strong>, Chief of Intelligence of the US Army General Staff, andGeneral Lucius D. Clay, US commander <strong>in</strong> occupied Germany met <strong>in</strong> Berl<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong> February of 1948,immediately after the Czech occupation but before the blockade.After this meet<strong>in</strong>g, Gehlen drew up a lengthy and detailed <strong>in</strong>telligence report which categoricallystated that 135 fully-equipped Soviet divisions, many armored, were poised to attack. General Clayforwarded this alarm<strong>in</strong>g example of creative writ<strong>in</strong>g to Wash<strong>in</strong>gton and followed up with frantic messages<strong>in</strong>dicat<strong>in</strong>g his fear that the Soviets were about to launch an all-out land war on the United States.Although the sequence of events might <strong>in</strong>dicate that Clay was <strong>in</strong>volved <strong>in</strong> an attempt to misleadUS leaders, <strong>in</strong> actuality, he was misled by Chamberla<strong>in</strong> and Gehlen. <strong>The</strong>y managed to thoroughly frightenGeneral Clay and used him as a conduit to Wash<strong>in</strong>gton. He was not the last to fall victim to themach<strong>in</strong>ations of the war party.<strong>The</strong> Gehlen papers were deliberately leaked to Congress and the President. This resulted <strong>in</strong> theCold War between the Soviet Union and the United States. This was not a historical first by any means.Elements <strong>in</strong> England at the beg<strong>in</strong>n<strong>in</strong>g of the 20th century, alarmed at the grow<strong>in</strong>g economic threat of a
united Germany, commenced a long public campaign designed to frighten the British public and theirleaders <strong>in</strong>to adopt<strong>in</strong>g a bellicose re-armament program based on a fictional German military threat.Gehlen and his organization were considered vital to US <strong>in</strong>terests. As long as the General wasable to feed the re-armament frenzy <strong>in</strong> Wash<strong>in</strong>gton with supportive, <strong>in</strong>flammatory secret reports, then hissuccess was assured.<strong>The</strong> only drawback to this deadly farce was that the General did not have knowledge of currentSoviet situations <strong>in</strong> the military or political fields. He could only bluff his way for a short time. To enhancehis military staffs, Gehlen developed the use of former SS Sicherheitsdienst (SD) and Gestapo people,brought to him by Krichbaum, his chief recruiter.At the same time, a jo<strong>in</strong>t British-American project called “Operation Applepie” was launched withthe sole purpose of locat<strong>in</strong>g and employ<strong>in</strong>g as many of the former Gestapo and SD types now be<strong>in</strong>gemployed by Gehlen. Imitation is the s<strong>in</strong>cerest form of flattery, after all. Dur<strong>in</strong>g the course of this hunt, theprize was considered to be former SS-Gruppenführer He<strong>in</strong>rich Müller, then <strong>in</strong> Switzerland. Contact withthe former Gestapo Chief was through Krichbaum, act<strong>in</strong>g on Müller’s specific <strong>in</strong>structions.In the result<strong>in</strong>g bidd<strong>in</strong>g war, the Americans easily defeated the British, and the British public wasspared the possible discovery of Müller appear<strong>in</strong>g, under a new name, on their New Year’s Honors List<strong>in</strong>stead of be<strong>in</strong>g made a Brigadier General of Reserve <strong>in</strong> the United States Army under a new name.<strong>The</strong> recently uncovered files on “Applepie” are of such <strong>in</strong>terest that they will be the subject of afurther <strong>in</strong>-depth publication. Other document series of equal importance will <strong>in</strong>clude the so-calledRob<strong>in</strong>son papers and a series of reports on the British use of certa<strong>in</strong> former Gestapo and SD personnel <strong>in</strong>Damascus, Syria by John Marriott of the Security Intelligence Middle East (SIME). Rob<strong>in</strong>son (orRob<strong>in</strong>sohn as he was known to the Gestapo officials) was a high-level Soviet agent captured <strong>in</strong> France as aresult of the Rote Kapelle <strong>in</strong>vestigations. Rob<strong>in</strong>son’s files came <strong>in</strong>to Müller’s possession and reveal anextensive Soviet spy r<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> Great Brita<strong>in</strong>. Such highly <strong>in</strong>terest<strong>in</strong>g and valuable historical records shouldalso encompass the more significant <strong>in</strong>tercepts made of Soviet messages by the Gestapo from Ottawa,Canada to Moscow throughout the war. <strong>The</strong>se parallel the so-called Venona <strong>in</strong>tercepts which have beenfully translated and are extraord<strong>in</strong>arily lengthy.In 1948, control of the Gehlen organization was assumed by the new <strong>CIA</strong> and put under thedirection of Colonel James Critchfield, formerly an armored unit commander and now a <strong>CIA</strong> section chief.At this po<strong>in</strong>t, Gehlen had a number of powerful sponsors <strong>in</strong> the US military and <strong>in</strong>telligencecommunities. <strong>The</strong>se <strong>in</strong>cluded General Walter Bedell Smith, former Chief of Staff to General Eisenhowerand later head of the <strong>CIA</strong>; General William Donovan, former head of the OSS; Allen Welch Dulles, formerSwiss station chief of the OSS and later head of the <strong>CIA</strong>; Rear Admiral Roscoe Hillenkoetter, first head ofthe <strong>CIA</strong>; General Edw<strong>in</strong> Sibert of US Army military <strong>in</strong>telligence and Generals Chamberla<strong>in</strong> and Clay.American military <strong>in</strong>telligence officers were well aware that the Soviet Army threat was hollow and thatthe Soviets’ act of dismantl<strong>in</strong>g the eastern German railroad system was strong proof that an attack was not<strong>in</strong> the off<strong>in</strong>g, but they were strongly discouraged by their superiors from express<strong>in</strong>g their views.In 1954, General Arthur Trudeau, chief of US military <strong>in</strong>telligence, received a copy of a lengthyreport prepared by retired Lt. Colonel Hermann Baun of Gehlen’s staff. Baun, who had orig<strong>in</strong>ally beenassigned to the German High Command (OKW) as an Abwehr specialist on Russia, eventually ended upwork<strong>in</strong>g for Gehlen’s Foreign Armies East which was under the control of the Army High Command(OKH). Baun was an extremely competent, professional General Staff officer who, by 1953, had taken adim view, <strong>in</strong>deed, of the creatures foisted on him by Gehlen. Baun detested Gehlen who had forced himout of his post-war <strong>in</strong>telligence position with the West. Baun’s annoyance was revealed <strong>in</strong> a lengthycompla<strong>in</strong>t of Gehlen’s Nazi staff members which set forth, <strong>in</strong> detail, their names and backgrounds.General Trudeau was so annoyed with this report that <strong>in</strong> October of 1954, he took West GermanChancellor Konrad Adenauer aside as Adenauer was mak<strong>in</strong>g an official visit to Wash<strong>in</strong>gton, Trudeaupassed much of this <strong>in</strong>formation to the horrified Adenauer, who had spent time <strong>in</strong> a concentration campdur<strong>in</strong>g the war. Adenauer, <strong>in</strong> turn, raised this issue with American authorities and the matter was leaked tothe press. Allen Dulles, a strong Gehlen backer and now head of the <strong>CIA</strong>, used his own connections andthose of his brother, John, Eisenhower’s Secretary of State, to effectively silence Trudeau by transferr<strong>in</strong>ghim to the remote Far East.Trudeau’s warn<strong>in</strong>g to Adenauer did not have a last<strong>in</strong>g effect and on April 1, 1956, former GeneralRe<strong>in</strong>hard Gehlen was appo<strong>in</strong>ted as head of the new West German Federal Intelligence Service, theBundesnachrichtendiesnt or BND. In this case, as <strong>in</strong> so many other similar ones, virtue is certa<strong>in</strong>ly not itsown reward.Who, then, were the Gehlen organization people Colonel Baun took exception to work<strong>in</strong>g with?
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The CIA CovenantNazis in Washington
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In one, Sereny claims that Stangl
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partially lined out, it appears the
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would be found. When he showed the
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Critchfield and his former employer
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the other guy. (These were pictures
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The Gestapo Chief in WashingtonAt t
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IntroductionIn the early morning ho
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shall hand you over to the Gestapo,
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When these proved to be fakes, Fara
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Müller and His JournalsAs a young
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outrageously cynical, manipulative
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We knew all their diplomatic codes
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disbelief the orthodox display when
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one, I found a complete set of silv
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Another historical footnote: When R
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making tons of hand soap out of dea
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interest in meeting with him except
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The plotters were never punished bu
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It has been suggested by people at
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which ones? T. is supposed to be
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Friday, 22 April 1949I am running o
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efore taking a car up over the moun
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of the very best men the history of
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I don’t think one needs to tell H
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The concert was acceptable and the
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occupation army. Who knows, with hi
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in Rome in 1943, along, one must bo
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The House will be in recess from th
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Pash, it seems, is still looking fo
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I tell them, of course, I will help
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We need more courts and I certainly
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Although Maxl has no ear for music,
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My area of expertise is Soviet Russ
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It is fortunate that the media thor
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The food is acceptable on these tra
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into recognizing the government of
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The aim of all of them is to set Am
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One of my new friends wants to “p
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Sunday, 8 January 1950A bad start b
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Note later: The recordings will be
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cunning and then they suddenly deve
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ecall the story about the spear of
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to a national police force to deal
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That left Bunny and myself, and som
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And McCarthy is firing wildly at an
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were in the OSS), want their friend
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certainly get the meaning of the or
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Thursday, 20 April 1950Today is the
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Wonderful performance on my part as
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Well, she can live in poverty in Pa
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Arno joined us for lunch and it was
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I am still concerned about the NSC
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I did also mention the concern I ha
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I ask: If the CIA is so clever and
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importance endlessly. This educated
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The town of Warrenton has less than
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I will let her do that part. We can
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said that this is certainly a proxy
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Truman did not want to alienate the
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The house is now almost completely
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to Lenin who agreed to do just that
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- Page 132 and 133: Tuesday, 28 November 1950Bradley ca
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- Page 174 and 175: arrive on the Cunarder “Britannic
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- Page 182 and 183: SS-Sturmbannführer Eugen Wenner, S
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- Page 188 and 189: specialist Christian A. Scholz.(Com
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- Page 222 and 223: EUGEN WENNER [SS]HANS WERNERKURT OT
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searching for historical truth.The
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colony. Aside from huge, untapped o
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some note of their activities inste
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AppendixThe Weissensee GoldA histor
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Himmler, and the head of the SS eco
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The sun was well up when the second
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They sailed through the wine-dark s
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It was then decided to fill in the
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A top US Army Intelligence agent an
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an SS general and concentration cam
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York, 1978.Colville, John. The Frin
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Mills, Walter. The Forrestal Diarie