1 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.0 Overview Over ... - DSpace@UM

preventing participation in family activities); from the spillover of strain from onedomain to the other (e.g. When strain at work makes it difficult to relax at home); orwhen specific behaviours that are expected at work are incompatible with behavioursthat are expected at home (e.g. Teachers may continue to act as teachers with their ownchildren or spouse). MacExen and Barling (1994) found that daily WHI was related todaily psychological strain, which in turn was related to marital behaviour (withdrawaland anger). Infact, further studies in this area includes by Butler, Grzywacs, Bass, andLinney,(2005) concluded that higher level of daily WHI were associated with the higherdaily levels of job demands and lower level of job control. Other stressor studyinvestigated with specific focus on the hours of work and their impact on stress. Reid &Moss, 1997, identified increase stress levels amongst employees with long working hoursand heavy work schedules. Here, despite the introduction of reduced working times insome European countries, many employees in Europe were still working long hours,underpaid or as overtime (Wedderburn, 1996). There are many serious implications fromthe long hours of work whereby the further study on effects of long hours of work iselaborated below under the physiological health symptoms which may be categorizedunder stress factors or maybe under employment type work characteristics.Cooper & Marshall, (1975), highlighted that there are two central features of stress atwork, the interaction of determines either coping or maladaptive behaviour and stressrelateddisease : (1) the dimensions or characteristics of the person and (2) the potentialsources of stress in the environment which Lofquist & Dawis (1969), labelled as thePerson-Environment Fit. Meanwhile, Cooper & Marshall (1976), pointed out that there22