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109896 FRANCE BURGUNDY[CH. xxntoo strong for the reformers ; as Cluny grew in powerand wealth it fell into ways of luxury and ostentation,and the new abbey church was made as stately andornate as the art of the day allowed.This departure from the original principles of theBenedictine rule offended the stricter members of theorder, and led to a second reformation. The abbey ofCiTEAUX was founded in 1098 by one-and-twenty Benedictinesfrom Cluny, who were shocked at the growingluxury and splendour of the parent house, and retired toa desert place and extreme simplicity of life. The fameof the order grew rapidly, especially after S. Bernardjoined its ranks, and in twenty-five years the Cistercianshad spread over Europe and numbered 60,000. Theconstitution of the order, which was drawn up in 1119,Severity of laid down strict rules for the buildings. The monasteryarchitect Close was to contain all necessary workshops, a mill, andturea garden, so that the monks need not go abroad. Thechurch was to be of great simplicity;there were to beno paintings or sculptures;the glass was to be whitewithout cross or ornament, and the bell-tower was to below and unostentatious.s.Bemard In the year 1091 S. Bernard was born of a knightlyfamily near Dijon. He entered the convent of Citeauxat the age of 22, and before he was 24 he was electedfirst abbot of the daughter house of CLAIRVAUX. His newabbey was built strictly according to the severe Cistercianrules, and the Emperor Lothaire who visited it with hissuite was struck with its modest simplicity. In a letterto William, Abbot of S. Theoderic (Thierry), S.Bernardinveighs against the luxuriousness of the Cluniacs. He"condemns the splendid dress of the monks : a King, or"an Emperor/' he says, might wear our garments if they