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CH. xxiv] FRANCE NORMANDY 153The abbey of JUMIEGES on the Seine was begun in1040, and consecrated in 1065 in the presence of DukeWilliam II, the conqueror of England. Of the originalbuilding the west front and the nave still remain. Theaisles are cross-groined, but the nave was roofed withwood. The capitals are of the plain cushion type andthe ornament is confined to simple billets or dentils : butin its simplicity it is a majestic piece of work.The connexion between Normandy and Lombardy Lanfrancwas continued when Lanfranc of Pavia came to Franceand settled in the Duchyassociates. In 1042 he retired to the abbey of Bee, awith a train of scholars andfoundation which in him and his successor Anselm wasdestined to give the see of Canterbury two of its mostfamous prelates.A Lombard, like his predecessor AbbotWilliam of Dijon and Fecamp, Lanfranc was a greatbuilder, and in 1077 the new abbey of Bee was con- Abbeysecrated, with which he replaced the more modest structureof the rude Norman knight and monk Herluin. Underhis rule Bee became a seat of learning famous throughoutChristendom, and the arts were not neglected, as Lanfrancshowed both there and afterwards when he came toEngland and re-built his metropolitan cathedral. Wemay detect his influence in the Conqueror's buildings atCaen, the two great abbeys founded by Duke Williamand his queen Matilda to reconcile the Pope to theirmarriage within the prohibited degrees.The ABBAYE AUX HOMMES, or S. tienne, was consecratedin 1077, and Lanfranc was its first abbot. It Hohas been a good deal altered in later times ;the choir Caenwas re-built and the wooden roof of the nave replaced bystone vaultingin the I3th century, but in the lower partof the west front and in the nave arcades and triforium