Plate III. Larval stages <strong>of</strong> Euphausia pacifica (1–6) and Thysanoessa longipes (7–11):1 – nauplius (N1); 2, 7–9 – metanauplius (7 – abdomen, dorsal view, 8 – antenna,9 – lateral view); 3 – calyptopis I; 4, 10 – calyptopis II; 5, 11 – furcilia (F0);6 – furcilia (5N)91
SUBPHYLUM CHELICERATA HEYMONS, 1901 1CLASS PYCNOGONIDA Brunnich, 1764Elena P. TurpaevaGeneral characteristicsThe class Pycnogonida (the later accepted names are Pantopoda, or Podosomata)includes peculiar, exclusively marine animals which combine morphological features<strong>of</strong> the Crustacea and the Chelicerata. Owing to some exterior resemblance toterrestrial spiders they got the name “sea spiders”. In the pycnogonids some features<strong>of</strong> primitive organization are preserved, and this class represents an independentgroup, like the Chelicerata or the Mandibulata (Dunlop & Arango, 2004).The bodies <strong>of</strong> the pycnogonids, living in the Sea <strong>of</strong> Japan, consist <strong>of</strong> a foursegmentedtrunk, proboscis, small abdomen, and seven pairs <strong>of</strong> appendages (pl. I, fig.1). Some species have segmented trunks, in others, segments <strong>of</strong> trunks are fused.Every segment has a pair <strong>of</strong> lateral processes with which the legs articulate. The first(cephalic or ocular) segment has in addition small processes for the first, second, andthird pairs <strong>of</strong> appendages, as well as a protruding proboscis. There is an oculartubercle on the dorsal side <strong>of</strong> the cephalic segment, bearing four eyes – a pair <strong>of</strong>anterior and a pair <strong>of</strong> posterior ones. Segment 4 bears a protruding abdomen with ananal opening on its end.The pycnogonids’ appendages consist <strong>of</strong> segments. The first pair <strong>of</strong> appendages(chelifori) <strong>of</strong> the Sea <strong>of</strong> Japan pycnogonids usually consist <strong>of</strong> two segments: thestraight cylindrical first segment (scape) and the second segment (chela) consisting <strong>of</strong>a broadened proximal part (palm) with two fingers – movable and immovable (pl. I,fig. 2). Appendages <strong>of</strong> such a type serve for grasping and holding <strong>of</strong> prey, but in somespecies these appendages are reduced. The second pair <strong>of</strong> appendages (palpi) is tactileorgans; the number <strong>of</strong> segments <strong>of</strong> this pair ranges from one to ten (the species <strong>of</strong> thegenus Nymphonella have up to 20 segments). The third pair <strong>of</strong> appendages (ovigers) inmales is assigned to bear progeny, and both male and female ovigers also serve forcleaning the body <strong>of</strong> sessile organisms living on it (hydroids, alcionarii, bryozoans andothers). The oviger consists <strong>of</strong> five-ten segments, the seventh to tenth ones are armedwith thin flat compound spines with toothed or smooth edges, and the tenth one <strong>of</strong>many species has a small claw on its end.The next four pairs <strong>of</strong> appendages are legs. The legs <strong>of</strong> all pycnogonids consist <strong>of</strong>eight segments, every one <strong>of</strong> which have its own name or named by its number (first,second, third, etc.). The first three segments, usually short, are called coxae. The nextthree segments are long: the fourth segment is a femur, the fifth and sixth segmentsform a tibia (they are called tibia 1 and tibia 2 correspondingly). Relatively shortseventh and eighth segments form a tarsus; the seventh segment (called the tarsus1 In the last decade specialists oppose the class Pycnogonida to the rest <strong>of</strong> the chelicerates (Euchelicerata)or regard it as a sister group to all other modern arthropods (Euarthropoda) –Editorial note.92
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BIOTA OF THE RUSSIAN WATERS OF THE
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УДК 595 (571.6)Биота рос
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Fig. 1. Map of the northern part of
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oping in the brood pouch have a ful
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Biology and ecology. P. avirostris
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setae; 3-segmented branch with 6 se
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Great Bay, but no one specimen has
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far as the Tatar Strait (Bokhan, 19
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plankton of the north-western part
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Evadne nordmanni Loven, 1836(Pl. VI
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ReferencesAn illustrated guide to m
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Mordukhai-Boltovskoi, F.D. 1968. On
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Plate I. Penilia avirostris (1-4 -
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Plate III. Pleopis polyphemoides: 1
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Plate V. Podon leuckarti: 1 - parth
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Plate VII. Evadne nordmanni: 1 - pa
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CLASS MALACOSTRACA Latreille, 1802O
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way) to Greenland, the Spitsbergen,
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- Page 63 and 64: exopod with one simple lateral seta
- Page 65 and 66: Mauchline, J. 1980. The biology of
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Plate VIII. Nymphon stocki (from Ut
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Plate X. Achelia kurilensis (from L
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Plate XII. Achelia gracilipes (from
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Plate XIV. Tanystylum scrutator (fr
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Plate XVI. Nymphonella tapetis (fro
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Plate XVIII. Decachela discata (fro
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Plate XX. Phoxichilidium ungellatum
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Plate XXII. Anoplodactylus pygmaeus
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INDEX OF LATIN NAMES *AAcanthomysis
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Oochoticum, brevirostre Nymphon 98o