Islam in World Cultures: Comparative Perspectives - Islamic Books ...

I n d e x 3 7 5Marxism, 90, 113, 150Mashhad, 79, 80Masjid, 301Masjumi, 197Masnad, 245Mas’udi, Masdar F., on zakat, 7Matn, 10, 11, 350Mattson, Ingrid, 305Maturidi, al-, 148Mawdudi, Mawlana Abu al-A’la, 31, 55,114, 115McCloud, Aminah, 300Mecca, 2, 7, 8 (photo), 20, 64, 69, 145,148, 169, 186, 205, 263, 286conquest of, 25pilgrimages to, 206, 257, 264, 294,297prayer facing, 6Quraysh tribe and, 219sacredness of, 9See also HajjMedia, 36, 67, 68, 114, 269Islam and, 1, 103stereotypes by, 128women and, 63Medina, 3, 25, 64, 145, 186, 263Muhammad in, 4Megawati Sukarnoputri, 211, 212, 213Menhuan, 165, 166, 167, 169, 350Menilek II, 222, 223, 226, 227, 233military success of, 221, 247–248Mevlavis, 291Middle class, Muslim, 200, 295–296Mihna, 18, 350Million Family March, 300Minarets, pagoda-shaped, 168 (photo)Minault, Gail, 107Ming, 169Ming Sha Le, 166Ministry of Culture, 241Ministry of Religious Affairs, 52, 198Minorities, 163, 171, 177, 183, 274scrutiny for, 36Minzu, 174, 350Missionaries, 115–116Christian, 24, 245Muslim, 245, 250, 291, 294, 302Mobilization, 33, 52, 190, 278Modernism, 15, 48–50, 121, 135, 156,199, 200, 269, 277challenge of, 106, 112, 113, 119, 127classical, 202development of, 27–29, 111instruments of, 114Islamic, 32, 98, 192–194, 264reform and, 137–138in South Asia, 105–116in Southeast Asia, 194–197tradition and, 116, 212, 265Modernists, 50, 106, 107, 197described, 111–113goal of, 49Sufism and, 116Modernization, 86–87, 114, 225, 260challenges of, 111Islamization and, 32–33in Ottoman Empire, 44–47religio-cultural alliance and, 87Shi’ite thought and, 87Westernizing visions of, 29Mohamed, Bilali, 289Mohammaden Anglo-OrientalCollege, 112Mohammed, Abdullah, 283Mongolian Muslims, 164Mongols, 23, 44Mongol-Yuan dynasty, 164Monoculture, 141Monotheism, 2Montesquieu, 47Moorish Science Temple, 292, 350–351Moosa, Ebrahim, 36, 271, 273, 274attack on, 279Malaysian case and, 272Muslim Youth Movement and, 266work of, 266–267Moosa, Najma, 271, 274Moosagie, Alie, 272Moral authority, 81, 82, 109, 116, 292Mosaddeq, Mohammad, 86, 287