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40Richard C. Steinerprospective reading of Kol Nidre presupposed the replacement of“weshall vow,” etc.). R. Aaron b. Jacob ha-Kohen of Lunel emended toa compromise between the traditional version and ‏,עתידין אנחנא לְ‏ מִ‏ דַּ‏ ר‏.(כל נדר שאני עתיד לידור)‏ Ned. 23bR. Mordecai Jaffe felt that these emendations—and indeed all ofthe emendations discussed above—were unnecessary. In Levush ha-Ḥur, he makes the startling claim that most of the verbs in thetraditional version of Kol Nidre were already in the imperfect withoutany need for change:נִ‏ דַּ‏ ר ‏/נִ‏ נְ‏ דַּ‏ ר)‏ “we have vowed,” etc.) with imperfects נְ‏ דַ‏ רְ‏ נָא)‏ perfectsוכן דאשתבענא פי'‏ שאשבע אני וכן דאחרימנא פירוש שאחרי'‏אני וכן ודאסרנא פי'‏ שאאסור אני וכן מה שאומר אח"כ אחרטנאבהון פי'‏ אתחרט אני מעכשיו והרי כולם לשון יחיד המדברבעדו....‏...And similarly דאשתבענא means “that I shall swear,” andsimilarly דאחרימנא means “that I shall pledge,” andsimilarly ודאסרנא means “that I shall impose,” ... andsimilarly the expression אחרטנא later on means “I shallregret from this very moment,” and all of them are firstperson singular....He then goes on to explain that the נא - ending of these verbs “is inplace of אנא whose meaning is ‘I’ except that the first aleph ismissing.” In his eyes, the only obstacle to this solution is the formwhich, lacking an initial aleph, cannot be reinterpreted as an ‏,נדרנאimperfect plus the ending נא -. As a result he is forced to emend it:לפיכך נ"ל שראוי להיות בכאן דאינדרנא באל"ף האיתן ויהי'‏137פירושו שאדו'‏ אני.‏Therefore, it seems to me that it would be proper to havehere (the form) דאינדרנא with prefixed aleph and with themeaning “that I shall vow.”אנא < - נא The problem with this solution, of course, is that encliticis used in Babylonian Aramaic only with participles, not with136...136137.619§ 178c ‏,לבוש החור.619§ 178d ‏,לבוש החורhttp://www.biu.ac.il/JS/JSIJ/12-2013/Steiner.pdf
Kol Nidre: Past, Present and Future41imperfects. 138 It follows that the verb ‏,אינדרנא found in many moderneditions of the maḥzor, is a fictitious form, created as an ad hocsolution to the problems of Kol Nidre. 139 It is difficult to disagree withthe assessment of R. Jacob Emden:כל מה שטרחו אלו הרבנים ושאר האחרונים ז"ל לפרש נוסח כלנדרי ע"ד ר"ת הכל טעות ושיבוש בלשון במ"כ ולא אחד בהם שידע140והכיר לשון ארמי על בוריו.‏... all of the efforts made by these rabbis (= R. MordecaiJaffe and R. David ha-Levi Segal) and the other latter-dayauthorities to explain Rabbenu Tam’s version of Kol Nidrewere, with all due respect, an error and a distortion of thelanguage. (There was) not (a single) one among them thatwas fully knowledgeable in, and acquainted with, Aramaic.R. Jaffe’s ideas about Aramaic morphology were implicitly rejectedeven by the editor of an Ashkenazic maḥzor (Venice, 1717) whoclaimed to be following in his path. 141 At the very end of his edition,he adds a brief discussion of Kol Nidre based on the views of R.Joseph Caro and R. Mordecai Jaffe—including the view of the latterאין ( vows” that “a man can (petition the court to) annul only his own142 He concludes with a revised version ‏.(אדם יכול לבטל כי אם נדרי עצמוof Kol Nidre “according to the opinion of the aforementionedgeonim”:138כל נדרי ואסרי וחרמי וקנומי וקנוסי וכנויי ושבועות די אִ‏ נְ‏ דַ‏ ר ודיאשתבע ודי אחרים ודי אֵ‏ סַ‏ ר על נפשאי מיום צום כפורים זה עד יוםצום כפורים הבא עלינו לטובה כלהון די אִ‏ יְ‏ חַ‏ רַ‏ ט בהון נדראי לאנדרי ושבועתאי לא שבועות.‏ ונסלח וכו'.‏ 143...וכמו שלא תוכל לחבר בל עברי סי'‏ :8a ‏,מחזור לערבית ליום כפור Heidenheim, Cf.המדבר בראש התיב'‏ ובסופ'‏ כי לא תוכל לומ'‏ אשמורני כן לא תוכל לחברם בל'‏ ארמי לאמראשמורנא או אינדרנא,‏ ומציאות תיבות כאלה נמנע בם בל'‏ עברי גם בל'‏. ארמי139According to the Bar-Ilan Judaic Library and the Talmud Text Databank(JTSA), it is completely unknown in ancient Rabbinic literature. The formאִ‏ נְדַ‏ רְ‏ נָא appears only as a noun. The earliest occurrence I have found is אינדרנאin מחזור של ימים נוראים (Prague, 1613), 56a. R. Jaffe died in 1612, around ayear before the printing of this maḥzor.140141142143R. Jacob Emden, ‏"ץ ‏,שא 133b §145.See at n. 43 above.Habermann, " , 184.Habermann, " , 185.ילת יעבהכרזת ‏"כל נדריהכרזת ‏"כל נדרי'...http://www.biu.ac.il/JS/JSIJ/12-2013/Steiner.pdf
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