period. <strong>The</strong> main building was rectangular, 83 feet by 45feet, with the two storeys constructed <strong>of</strong> plastered brickwork.<strong>The</strong> first floor was the director's residence. On theground floor were his <strong>of</strong>fice and library and the clock room.On the left <strong>of</strong> the entrance hall were the instruments roomand the computers' room. (Computers were members <strong>of</strong> thenon-pr<strong>of</strong>essional technical staff.)Doberck's first major project was a tour <strong>of</strong> the Treatyports* - on the orders <strong>of</strong> Governor Hennessy - to seekscientific assistance and cooperation. <strong>The</strong> tour was obviouslya success, with Doberck reporting:<strong>The</strong> Inspector General <strong>of</strong> the Imperial Maritime Customs <strong>of</strong>China [Sir Robert Hart] who has contributed so much t<strong>of</strong>orward the cause <strong>of</strong> science in that country } subsequently ordereda copy <strong>of</strong> all meteorological observations henceforth made in theharbours and lighthouses along the coast to be forwarded to me.. .It is certain that not only the meteorology <strong>of</strong> China will benefit bySir Robert Hart's enlightened action, but the meteorology <strong>of</strong> thenorthern hemisphere will be forwarded, when reliable observationsare made on a uniform plan in that extensive country.Returning to <strong>Hong</strong> <strong>Kong</strong> in late 1883, Doberck found theobservatory nearly completed. He moved into the buildingand, as previously described, began observations on 1January 1884. At first, observations were made at 10 am, 4pm and 10 pm <strong>of</strong> pressure, temperature, wind velocity anddirection, cloud type, amount and direction <strong>of</strong> motion,rainfall and sunshine duration. A hut west <strong>of</strong> the observatorywas used for magnetic observations <strong>of</strong> horizontal andvertical force and declination. <strong>The</strong> frequency <strong>of</strong> observationswas later increased with the addition <strong>of</strong> readings at 1pm. Observations were also made at Victoria Peak (7 am, 10am, 1 pm, 4 pm, 7 pm and 10 pm, <strong>of</strong> which the 10 am, 4 pmand 10 pm readings were published). Readings from CapeD'Aguilar were found to be 'so wanting in accuracy' that allexcept the state <strong>of</strong> sea surface were stopped.* Canton, Amoy, Foochow, Ningpo and Shanghai.23
One <strong>of</strong> the immediate problems for Doberck and Figgwas the lack <strong>of</strong> reliable early records. <strong>The</strong>re was no shortage<strong>of</strong> information, but Doberck had a low regard for its value,writing* in 1884 that Figg... also took monthly means <strong>of</strong> the height <strong>of</strong> the barometerregistered for over 20 years in the Harbour Office, but as somedifficulty was encountered in ascertaining the corrections, whichthe barometers required, the results have not yet been publishedand will not be <strong>of</strong> much importance when published.While no weather forecast as such was provided, Dobercksoon realised the need for a storm warning system. On 25May 1884 he announced that whenever there were indications<strong>of</strong> strong winds, notice would be given to theHarbour Office, the telegraph companies and the newspapers.By August, a drum, ball and cone system <strong>of</strong> signals,based on the four points <strong>of</strong> the compass, was introduced.Despite its obvious value, the system developed complications.A typhoon gun at the foot <strong>of</strong> the police stationsignal mast in Tsim Sha Tsui was fired once when a gale wasexpected, twice when typhoon force winds were likely tooccur, and three times when the wind was believed likely toshift suddenly during gales.<strong>The</strong> two systems were separate — the drum, ball and conesymbols referred to weather at some distance from <strong>Hong</strong><strong>Kong</strong>, and were hoisted only to show ship's captains theweather they could expect after sailing from the harbour.<strong>The</strong> gun was used to indicate local conditions, but thepublic confused the two. To deepen the confusion, the gunwas also fired to announce the arrival <strong>of</strong> mails, which <strong>of</strong>tenled to local craft seeking shelter from a non-existenttyphoon. In an attempt to clarify the situation a colourcode was introduced in 1890: red signals indicatedtropical disturbances more than 300 miles from <strong>Hong</strong><strong>Kong</strong>, while black signals related to disturbances within300 miles.<strong>The</strong>re were even further problems with the signalsthemselves. <strong>The</strong> early symbols, made <strong>of</strong> perforated canvas24
- Page 2: UNIVERSITY OFHQ,NG KONG>**"/////»I
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It 8 am on 8 December 1941, 12 Japa
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The records are all in pencil, neat
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The civil staff was soon put to the
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The department is in fact primarily
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temperature down to 3J°C at the Ob
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moving directly towards Hong Kong,
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If the weather in 1965 was comparat
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since Typhoon Shirley in 1968. It h
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Radar observations early on 26 July
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almost as accurately as from a reco
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Waves smash over the praya at Kenne
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Chapter 5CLICKINGCCFTHEAt the prese
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November and December are normally
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move them a substantial distance in
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.. . wind blowing through the long
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for a series of fine weather and ca
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The typhoon of Saturday September 2
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Above: How the 1874 typhoon destroy
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Above: Aftermath of the 1923 blow w
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its of storm water which could be s
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he splitting of time into microscop
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The Third Congress of the World Met
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small craft. It includes 24-hour ar
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much of the Observatory's work invo
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The marine meteorology section of t
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The water shortage having become ve
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The signal was received by a helica
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The shock occurring yesterday after
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The Royal Observatory is part of tw
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acquired its own radar, which was u
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grass. Soil temperatures are read f
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* Vertical section through the atmo
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of Mineral Resources recommended a
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Much of Hong Kong's population live
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BibliographyABEL, Clarke, Narrative
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IndexAbel, Clarkevisit to Hong Kong
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Macdonnell, Governor Sir Richard, 2