36Guiebrest in this site)’ was how fishers described the place to signify theintensity of blast fishing in the site. Awo Dako was the extraction site oftropical fish by non-Batasan fishers who used cyanide in their fishing,which was a major conflict during the 1980s. Fishers from Sta. Rosa, anisland which is part of Mactan (Opon in Cebu), got rich from catchingbluefish, an expensive tropical fish, in Awo Dako. Awo Dako continues tobe a favourite spot of tropical fish collectors, double-gill-net fishers andfishers using mobile or movable fish corrals.Fishers and gleaners adapt fishing methods and gleaning toolsbased on their knowledge of the estimated size and depth of these places.In several instances, fishing devices set at sea constitute a degree ofterritorial claim. For example, small marker buoys attached with kerosenelamps and set at sea during the night suggest the presence of crab bottomgill nets, and serve as warning devices not to trespass the fishing site, atleast while the nets or crab traps are in place. Remnants of a fish corral,such as standing bamboo stakes, are indicators (timailhan) that an ownerhas not completely abandoned his fish corral site. Some submerged reefsare closely guarded secrets by spear fishers who dive in these areas tocatch and collect fish, mollusks and shell species with high commercialvalue.Directional terms: Estimating measurements, and framing islands andreefsNamed places also derive their identification from directionalterms that provide the spatial orientation of sites, e.g., ubáy or ubayon(beside), tungâ (middle), lawis (beachhead), tumóy (endpoint), atbang(front), and luyó (back) (Figure 3). These directional terms define thespatial relation of places.An island-village that lies northeast off the reef of Batasan is calledUbay (which means ‘beside’ Batasan) (Figure 2). Two reefs lying besideBatasan’s main reef flat are called Ubayon Uno and Ubayon Dos (UbayonOne and Ubayon Two). Ubayon Uno (or first reef beside the main reef) isthe site of Batasan’s no-take MPA. A reef patch beside Ubayon Uno iscalled Takot Ubayon. Because of its proximity to the marine reserve,Takot Ubayon is preferred by net fishers (mamokotay), pot fishers(mamanggalay), compressor fishers (kompresoray) and aquarium fishcollectors. Opposite Takot Ubayon is the controversial Bunsod Tiago,which stands on a crest of Batasan’s main reef (Figure 4). This reef crest isa highly contested site because of the presence of good corals, which
Place Names, Seascape and Cartography of Marine Rights 37makes it a good site for fishing. Further, this reef crest is beside a seachannel where migrating fish pass; the fish corral often traps some ofthese migrating fish species. Because it is also near the location of theMPA, islanders are of the opinion that the reef crest where Bunsod Tiagostands is an ideal site to trap fish that swim from the MPA zone.The second reef or Ubayon Dos (also called Ubayon Ubây) lies ona sea channel that separates the reefs of Batasan and the island-village ofUbay. Ubayon Ubây is preferred by aquarium fish collectors, hook-andlinefishers, drive-in net fishers, squid fishers and spear fishers. Squidfishers from nearby Hambungan Island are often sighted in this areausing illegally sized mesh nets. Two fish corrals owned by the father of avillage official stand on this site.Lawis-tumóy promontories: Demarcating boundaries, zoning entries andexitsThe term lawis generally refers to a beachhead, promontory, cape,peninsula or tip of an island (Cabonce 1983; Garcia 1990). On Batasan’sreef flat, one fishing ground that forms a series of promontories is calledLawis-Lawis, but is also often called by its proper name Kanjaru, whichused to be a popular site for blast fishing. One of the reefs of Lawis-Lawis(Lawis-LawisGamay) is said to have been claimed by a certain Pilo, aresident of Batasan who has long since passed away. Kanjaru is a sitepreferred by aquarium fish collectors, reef gleaners (manginhasay) andfishers using mobile fish corrals (mamunsoray). There also stands onKanjaru a permanent fish corral established by a former village official.The Marine Aquarium Council (MAC), an international organisation thatpromotes non-destructive collection practices, has identified Kanjaru asone of the major collection sites for Batasan aquarium fish collectors. In2004, the organisation erected three concrete posts on the site to designateit as a fishing zone for MAC-certified fishers. The fishing ground, despitebeing demarcated as collection sites of MAC-accredited fishers fromBatasan, is also open to non-MAC aquarium fish collectors and all othertypes of fishers from the island. The sea channel beside it is a favouritespot for gill net fishers targeting big species of fish.On Batasan’s island itself, residents differentiate the twopromontories on its tips (Figure 3). The first lawis promontory maintainsits lawis label, while the opposite lawis is called tumóy (end tip) todesignate it as the island’s endpoint. In this sense, the original lawis is the‘entrance’ to the island, while the tumóy serves as the backdoor of the
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142ReferencesSteinberg, D. J. (ed.)
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Wills, J. E. Jr. 2011. China and Ma