network protocols handbook.pdf

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166Protocols GuideWAN - ATM Protocols- Calling party number.- Calling party sub-address.- ATM adaptation layer parameters.- ATM traffic descriptor.- Connection identifier.- OAM traffic descriptor.- Quality of Service parameter.- Broadband bearer capability.- Broadband Low Layer Information (B-LLI).- Broadband High Layer Information (B-HLI).- End-to-end transit delay.- Notification indicator.- Call state.- Progress indicator.- Narrow-band bearer capability.- CauseRelated protocolsATM, BISDN, SONET, AAL0-AAL5, LAN Emulation (LANE),CES, UNI, NNI, and MPOASponsor Sourcehttp://members.tripod.com/ATM_protocols/PtoP/Q_2931.htmlQ.2931 Recommendationhttp://www-comm.itsi.disa.mil/atmf/sig.html#af10.1UNI 4.0 Specificationhttp://www.atmforum.com/standards/approved.htmlATM Forum approved specificationsReferencehttp://members.tripod.com/ATM_protocols/PtoP/Q_2931.htmlQ.2931 Recommendationhttp://www.atmforum.com/standards/approved.html#uniATM User-Network Interface Specificationhttp://www.cisco.com/univercd/cc/td/doc/cisintwk/ito_doc/atm.htmATM Overview
167Protocols GuideWAN - ATM ProtocolsProtocol NameSONET/SDH: SynchronousOptical Network and SynchronousDigital HierarchyProtocol DescriptionThe Synchronous Optical Network (SONET), also calledandSynchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH), are a set of related standardsfor synchronous data transmission over fiber optic networksthat are often used for framing and synchronization at thephysical layer. SONET is the United States version of the standardpublished by the American National Standards Institutue(ANSI). SDH is the international version of the standard publishedby the International Telecommunications Union (ITU).SONET/SDH can be used in an ATM or non-ATM environment.Packet Over SONET/SDH (POS) maps IP datagrams into theSONET frame payload using Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP). Inthe ATM enviroment, connections to SONET/SDH lines may bevia multi-mode, single-mode or UTP.SONET is based on transmission at speeds of multiples of51.840 Mbps (STS-1) and SDH is based on STM-1 which has adata rate of 155.52 Mbps, equivalent to STS-3.The following table lists the hierarchy of the most common SON-ET/SDH data rates:SONETSignalBit Rate(Mbp)SDHSignalSONET CapacitySDH CapacitySTS-1/ OC-1 51.840 STM-0 28 DS1 or DS3 21 E1sSTS-3/ OC-3 155.520 STM-184 DS1s or 3DS3s63 E1s or E4STS-12/OC-12STS-48 /OC-48STS-192/OC-192STS-768/OC-768622.080 STM-42.488.32 STM-169,953.280 STM-6439,813.120 STM-256336 DS1s or 12DS3s1,344 DS1s or48 DS3s5,376 DS1s or192 DS3s21,504 DSs or786 DS3252 E1s or 4E4s1,008 E1s or16 E4s4,032 E1s or64 E4s16,128 E1s or256 E4sOther rates such as OC-9, OC-18, OC-24, OC-36, OC-96 andOC-768 are referenced in some of the standards documents butwere not widely implemented. Higher rate maybe defined forfuture implementations.Protocol StructureThe frame structure of STS and STM is different. We only displaythe details of the STS-1 frame structure here. The STS-1frame is composed of octets which are nine rows high and 90columns wide. The first three columns are used by the TransportOverhead (TOH) and contain framing, error monitoring, managementand payload pointer information. The data (Payload)uses the remaining 87 columns, of which the first column is usedfor Path Overhead (POH). A pointer in the TOH identifies thestart of the payload, which is referred to as the SynchronousPayload Envelope or SPE.9 Columns POH 260 ColumnsJ1B3C2G1F2H4Z3Z4Z59Rows• SOH— Section Overhead.A1, A2— Frame alignment. These octets containthe value of 0xF628. The receiver searches forthese values in the incoming bit stream. Thesebytes are not scrambled.C1— STS-1 identification. Since OC-3c andSTM-1 contain three STS-1 streams, the threeC1 bytes contain 0x01, 0x02 and 0x03, respectively.B1— Section error monitoring. Contains BIP-8 ofall bits in the previous frame using even parity,before scrambling.• LOH— Line OverheadB2— Line error monitoring. Contains BIP-24 calculatedover all bits of the line overhead of theprevious frame with even parity.H1 (bits 1-4)— New data flag (specifies when thepointer has changed), path AIS.H1 and H2 (bits 7-16)— Pointer value, pathAIS. These bytes specify the offset between thepointer and the first payload byte. A change inthis value is ignored until received at least threeconsecutive times.H1* and H2*— Concatenation indication, pathAIS.H3— Pointer action (used for frequency justification),path AIS.K2 (bits 6-8)— Line AIS, line FERF, removal ofline FERF.Z2— Line FEBE. This contains the number of B2(BIP-24) errors detected in the previous interval.• POH— Path OverheadJ1— STS path trace. This byte is used repetitivelyto transmit a 64-byte fixed string so thatthe receiving terminal in a path can verify its continuedconnection to the transmitter. Its contents
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ITable of ContentsTable of Contents
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IVTable of ContentsCR-LDP: Constrai
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VITable of ContentsCOPS: Common Ope
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VIIITable of ContentsGARP: Generic
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XTable of ContentsIGRP: Interior Ga
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XIVPerfacePrefaceWe are living in t
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2Network Communication Architecture
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10Network Communication Architectur
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12Protocols GuideTCP/IP Protocolspo
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14Protocols GuideTCP/IP - Applicati
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52Protocols GuideTCP/IP - Session L
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54Protocols GuideTCP/IP - Transport
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64Protocols GuideTCP/IP - Network L
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98Protocols GuideTCP/IP - Data Link
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100Protocols GuideTCP/IP - Data Lin
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102Protocols GuideSecurity and VPNP
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104Protocols GuideSecurity and VPN
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216Protocols GuideLAN - Other Proto
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222Protocols GuideMAN ProtocolsProt
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224Protocols GuideMAN Protocols(0).
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226Protocols GuideStorage Area Netw
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228Protocols GuideSAN ProtocolsProt
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230Protocols GuideSAN ProtocolsThe
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232Protocols GuideSAN Protocols•
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234Protocols GuideSAN ProtocolsSpon
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240Protocols GuideISO Protocols in
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242Protocols GuideISO Protocols - A
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262Protocols GuideISO Protocols - N
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268Protocols GuideCisco ProtocolsPr
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278Protocols GuideCisco Protocolsti
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280Protocols GuideNovell NetWare an
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288Protocols GuideIBM ProtocolsSNAT
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290Protocols GuideIBM ProtocolsProt
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292Protocols GuideIBM ProtocolsSNA
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300Protocols GuideAppleTalk: Apple
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302Protocols GuideDECnet and Protoc
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304Protocols GuideSS7 / C7 Protocol
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318Protocols GuideOther Protocols
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320Protocols GuideOther ProtocolsPr
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322Protocols GuideOther ProtocolsPr
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324Network Protocols Dictionary: Fr
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342Network Communication Protocols
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