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212Protocols GuideLAN - Wilress LAN ProtocolsProtocol NameIEEE 802.1X: EAP over LAN(EAPOL) for LAN/WLAN Authenticationand Key ManagementProtocol DescriptionThe IEEE 802.1X offers an effective framework for authenticatingand controlling user traffic to a protected network, as wellas dynamically varying encryption keys. 802.1X ties a protocolcalled EAP (Extensible Authentication Protocol) to both the wiredand wireless LAN media and supports multiple authenticationmethods, such as token cards, Kerberos, one-time passwords,certificates, and public key authentication.In the 802.1x architecture, there are three key components: 1)Supplicant: the user or client that wants to be authenticated; 2)the authentication server, typically a RADIUS server; and 3) theauthenticator: the device in between, such as a wireless accesspoint, which can be simple and dumb.The key protocol in 802.1x is called EAP encapsulation overLANs (EAPOL). It is currently defined for Ethernet-like LANs including802.11 wireless, as well as token ring LANs (includingFDDI). The operation process in 802.1X is as follows:1. The supplicant (such as a client wireless card) sendsan “EAP-Response/Identity” packet to the authenticator(such as an 802.11 access point), which is then passedon to the authentication server (RADIUS server which islocated at the wired side of the access point).2. The authentication server sends back a challenge to theauthenticator. The authenticator unpacks this from IPand repackages it into EAPOL and sends it to the supplicant.3. The supplicant responds to the challenge via the authenticatorand passes the response onto the authenticationserver. The authentication server uses a specificauthentication algorithm to verify the client’s identity.This could be through the use of digital certificates orother EAP authentication type.4. If the supplicant provides proper identity, the authenticationserver responds with a success message, which isthen passed onto the supplicant. The authenticator nowopens port for the supplicant to access the LAN basedon attributes that came back from the authenticationserver.The 802.1X (EAPOL) protocol provides effective authenticationregardless of whether 802.11 WEP keys are implemented orthere is no encryption at all. If configured to implement dynamickey exchange, the 802.1X authentication server can return sessionkeys to the access point along with the accept message.The access point uses the session keys to build, sign and encryptan EAP key message that is sent to the client immediatelyafter sending the success message. The client can then usecontents of the key message to define applicable encryptionkeys.802.1X (EAPOL) is a delivery mechanism and does not providethe actual authentication mechanisms. When utilizing 802.1X,an EAP type, such as Transport Layer Security (EAP-TLS) orEAP Tunneled Transport Layer Security (EAP-TTLS), whichdefines how the authentication takes place, must be chosen.The specific EAP type resides on the authentication server andwithin the operating system or application software on the clientdevices. The access point acts as a “pass through” for 802.1Xmessages, which means that any EAP type can be specifie withoutan 802.1X-compliant access point needing to be upgraded.Protocol StructureEAPOL Frame Format for 802.3/Ethernet:2 bytes 1 byte 1 byte 2 bytes VariablePAE EthernetTypeProtocolversionPackettypePacketBody lengthPacket Body• PAE Ethernet type – PAE (Port Access Entity) Ethernettype contains the Ethernet Type value assignedfor use by the PAE.• Protocol version –an unsigned binary number, thevalue of which is the version of the EAPOL protocol.• Packet type –an unsigned binary number, the valueof which determines the type of the packet as follows:a) EAP-packet; b) EAPOL-Start; c) EAPOL-Logoff; d)EAPOL-Key; e) EAPOL-Encapsulated-ASF-Alert• Packet body length – an unsigned binary, the valueof which defines the length in octets of the packetbody field.• Packet Body – This field is presented if the packettype contains the value EAP-Packet, EAPOL-Key,or EAP-Encapsulated-ASF-Alert, otherwise, it is notpresented.EAPOL Frame Format for Token Ring /FDDI:8 bytes 1 byte 1 byte 2 bytes VariableSNAPEthernetTypeProtocolversionPackettypePacketBody lengthPacket Body• SNAP Ethernet Type – contains the SNAP-encodedEthernet type encoded in the SNAP format as follows:1-3 bytes carry the standard SNAP header; 4-6bytes carry the SNAP PID; 7-8 bytes carry the PAE
213Protocols GuideLAN - Wilress LAN ProtocolsEthernet Type value.Related protocolsEthernet, EAP, RADIUS, Token RingSponsor SourceEAPOL (802.1X) is defined by IEEE (http://www.ieee.org).Referencehttp://standards.ieee.org/getieee802/download/802.1X-2001.pdfPort based Network Access Control
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ITable of ContentsTable of Contents
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IVTable of ContentsCR-LDP: Constrai
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VIIITable of ContentsGARP: Generic
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XIVPerfacePrefaceWe are living in t
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2Network Communication Architecture
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10Network Communication Architectur
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12Protocols GuideTCP/IP Protocolspo
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14Protocols GuideTCP/IP - Applicati
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52Protocols GuideTCP/IP - Session L
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54Protocols GuideTCP/IP - Transport
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64Protocols GuideTCP/IP - Network L
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98Protocols GuideTCP/IP - Data Link
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100Protocols GuideTCP/IP - Data Lin
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102Protocols GuideSecurity and VPNP
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104Protocols GuideSecurity and VPN
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120Protocols GuideVoice Over IP(VOI
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150Protocols GuideWANOtherxDSL: Dig
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152Protocols GuideWAN - ATM Protoco
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262Protocols GuideISO Protocols - N
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268Protocols GuideCisco ProtocolsPr
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278Protocols GuideCisco Protocolsti
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280Protocols GuideNovell NetWare an
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288Protocols GuideIBM ProtocolsSNAT
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290Protocols GuideIBM ProtocolsProt
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292Protocols GuideIBM ProtocolsSNA
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300Protocols GuideAppleTalk: Apple
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302Protocols GuideDECnet and Protoc
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304Protocols GuideSS7 / C7 Protocol
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318Protocols GuideOther Protocols
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320Protocols GuideOther ProtocolsPr
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322Protocols GuideOther ProtocolsPr
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324Network Protocols Dictionary: Fr
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342Network Communication Protocols
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