Innovative Technology and Sustainable Development of Organic - 1.

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area, weather, control of grass growth, allocation of manure and control of dry cows. Quantification of sustainability indicators (chapter III) revealed a significant higher annual milk yield, less grazing time, and lower labour use on AMS than on CMS farms. So the perception of problems is confirmed by the facts. Generally farmers that use an AMS perceive considerably more problems with grazing than farmers with CMS (Fig 2). These problems also related to some of their business targets, like maintaining high annual milk yield, controlling supplementary feed and saving labour, which were found by quantifying sustainability indicators (chapter III). Business targets found for AMS users were higher milk yield and low labour use per cow even if this meant less grazing. A hypothesis could be that AMS and professional ambition to intensify farm practice and maximize milk yield go together and lead to less grazing practice. percentage of farmers confirming 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 allocation area too small weather controlling grass growth controll supplementary maintain yield level controll reproduction flies and dirt specified problems races water, shelter and shade allocation of manure labor intensive Fig 2. Specified grazing problems determined for 197 herds of which 19 had an automatic milking system and 179 had a conventional milking system. Analysis of herd size on AMS and CMS farms showed that a large percentage of the AMS farms have a herd between 100 and 150 cows, whereas only a few AMS farms had herds exceeding 150 cows (Table 3). Parallels could be found in studies on conventional dairy herds, less grazing when implementing AMS and not especially large herds using AMS (Meijering et al., 2004). Recent investigation however, on the factual differences between AMS and CMS farms showed AMS farms’ herd size exceeded the CMS by 20% (Kramer, 2009). 116 Sustainable Technology in Organic Dairy Farming CMS AMS dry cows
Table 3. Distribution of herd size among milking systems (Enemark, 2005). AMS CMS All
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Innovative Technology and Sustainab
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Innovative Technology and Sustainab
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Abstract Development of organic dai
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Contents 1 General introduction 9 2
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1.1 Organic dairy farming in Denmar
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1.2 Organic agriculture, technology
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a. What are the economic, ecologica
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References Anonymous, 1977. Eindrap
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18 Sustainable Technology in Organi
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Abstract The aim of this study was
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Table 2. Structural development of
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negative influences on milk quality
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consumption, therefore, were not br
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According to the advisors, reasons
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Table 5. Dutch (NL) and Danish (DK)
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2.5 Discussion 2.5.1 Perceptions: D
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ecause of a recently published arti
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References Alrøe, Hugo and Erik St
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[Dairy Production Economy]. Ed. M.
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Abstract The objective of this rese
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data set. As the size of the herd w
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The N output was computed as the N
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of necessary supplementary silage (
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was compensated by the above-mentio
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level. The most important reason fo
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Animal Health Culling rate was foun
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An inquiry made on motivations to i
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References Anderson, T. W., and D.
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Strudsholm, F., and K. Sejersen. 20
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Abstract The objective of this pape
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4.2.2 Sward and herd management Thr
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Kristensen et al. (2007). Indoor ex
Page 66 and 67: Treatment P4, 4 hours of grazing, f
Page 68 and 69: Table 3. Total number of defecation
Page 70 and 71: Table 5. Time budget for dairy cows
Page 72 and 73: No significant correlation was foun
Page 74 and 75: 4.4.3 Walking pattern and velocity
Page 76 and 77: When using either total time or act
Page 78 and 79: Poulsen, H.D., Kristensen, V.F., 19
Page 80 and 81: Abstract The objective of this stud
Page 82 and 83: practices in Denmark. Objections br
Page 84 and 85: evaluated based on a costs-benefit
Page 86 and 87: is found to be associated with redu
Page 88 and 89: However, we assumed a minor increas
Page 90 and 91: lactation months when the minimum i
Page 92 and 93: Economic evaluation For each scenar
Page 94 and 95: 310 for N2O). GHG emissions are com
Page 96 and 97: Table 6. Production parameters esti
Page 98 and 99: include the purchase of heifers as
Page 100 and 101: social dimension in the analysis. I
Page 102 and 103: Often “kg milk” (fat corrected
Page 104 and 105: References Alrøe, H.F. Noe, E. 200
Page 106 and 107: IFOAM, 2008. Principles of organic
Page 108 and 109: Swedish Dairy Farming. Report FOOD2
Page 110 and 111: 6.1 Introduction In this chapter th
Page 112 and 113: quantity, besides from being an imp
Page 114 and 115: additional money, and research shou
Page 118 and 119: dairy industry, retail and consumer
Page 120 and 121: 6.3.5 Mobile automatic milking Scen
Page 122 and 123: 6.4 General Conclusions The conclus
Page 124 and 125: Hovi, M., A., Sundrum, A., Thamsbor
Page 126 and 127: Summary Organic agriculture provide
Page 128 and 129: Cows allowed grazing at pasture for
Page 130 and 131: Samenvatting De biologische landbou
Page 132 and 133: Dit is onderzocht in een beweidingp
Page 134 and 135: Resumé Økologisk landbrug leverer
Page 136 and 137: afgræsning med mælk fra ni timers
Page 138 and 139: Future Perspectives Based on the re
Page 140 and 141: Oudshoorn, F. W. , Nadimi, E. S. 20
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