Innovative Technology and Sustainable Development of Organic - 1.

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Preface I owe a very special thanks to Svend Christensen, my former research leader at the department of Agricultural Engineering, who gave me the possibility and motivated me to start this PhD work on implementation of innovative technology in organic dairy production in Denmark. Eleven years of work as an advisor and five years as scientific manager of the organic research farm Rugballegaard in Horsens ignited my interest in research. However, the odds of accomplishing a promotion to Doctor of Philosophy were bad for a person whose career had so far focused on practical field work, and the time when study and education was diurnal passed long ago. I was warned many times, and it took some time to decide, but eventually it also became the motivation to accomplish the task started. The next obstacle to overcome was to find scientific supervision for a topic as unusual as multidisciplinary assessment of technology and organic dairy farming. Here the unique talents of Akke van der Zijpp in Wageningen were the next inspiration needed to start. She completely understood and accepted my primary motivation and interests, and guided the obviously much too broad spectrum of ideas, towards a focused and scientific approach of the topic. Without doubt, the special analytical and systematical talents of Imke de Boer supplemented this start, and guided the process of this research, from data analysis to scientific writing of this final result. Turbulence in the location of the research center Bygholm, and the many months of debate interfered with the continuation of the PhD work, and at times made it hard to concentrate. Especially when, for a year, I was given the responsibility to coordinate the research group “Automation and system engineering”. With patience and respect, my supervisors, colleagues and friends continued to assist and motivate me to proceed. Finally the faculty of agricultural sciences from Aarhus University agreed upon a new structure of the research center, with allocation in Foulum in the north of Jutland. Here too, the new staff supported this PhD work and made it financially possible to complete my degree. Not in the least, I wish to mention also the stimulating cooperation with Troels Kristensen from the department for Agro-ecology and Environment at Foulum, who’s quick and clear responses always supported me. In addition the practical experiments had never been accomplished without the great help of Gorm Veggerby, the daily manager of the research farm. Farmers and advisors in Denmark and The Netherlands had agreed to spend time in cooperating with answering detailed questions and to discuss farm management and economic topics. The sessions were meaningful and met with enthusiasm from their side. Finally the everlasting faith of Karin in my ability and the necessity to finish the job was unbelievably important for me. I am convinced this thesis is interesting for many, and I hope it can contribute to further understanding and knowledge. Frank W.Oudshoorn Foulum, October 2009.
Contents 1 General introduction 9 2 Stakeholder Perceptions of Sustainability Issues Regarding Automatic Milking 19 Systems in Organic Dairy Production Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 2008, 21: 205-228 3 Quantification of Sustainability Indicators on Organic Dairy Farms in Denmark using Automatic or Conventional Milking Systems Submitted 4 Dairy Cow Defecation and Urination Frequency and Spatial Distribution in Relation to Time-limited Grazing Livestock Science 2008, 113: 62-73 5 Economic and Environmental Evaluation of Three Vision-based Scenarios for Organic Dairy Farming in Denmark To be submitted 6 General Discussion 109 . Summary 126 Samenvatting 130 Resumé 134 List of Publications 139 Curriculum Vitae 141 39 59 79
Page 1 and 2: Innovative Technology and Sustainab
Page 3 and 4: Innovative Technology and Sustainab
Page 5: Abstract Development of organic dai
Page 10 and 11: 1.1 Organic dairy farming in Denmar
Page 12 and 13: 1.2 Organic agriculture, technology
Page 14 and 15: a. What are the economic, ecologica
Page 16 and 17: References Anonymous, 1977. Eindrap
Page 18 and 19: 18 Sustainable Technology in Organi
Page 20 and 21: Abstract The aim of this study was
Page 22 and 23: Table 2. Structural development of
Page 24 and 25: negative influences on milk quality
Page 26 and 27: consumption, therefore, were not br
Page 28 and 29: According to the advisors, reasons
Page 30 and 31: Table 5. Dutch (NL) and Danish (DK)
Page 32 and 33: 2.5 Discussion 2.5.1 Perceptions: D
Page 34 and 35: ecause of a recently published arti
Page 36 and 37: References Alrøe, Hugo and Erik St
Page 38 and 39: [Dairy Production Economy]. Ed. M.
Page 40 and 41: Abstract The objective of this rese
Page 42 and 43: data set. As the size of the herd w
Page 44 and 45: The N output was computed as the N
Page 46 and 47: of necessary supplementary silage (
Page 48 and 49: was compensated by the above-mentio
Page 50 and 51: level. The most important reason fo
Page 52 and 53: Animal Health Culling rate was foun
Page 54 and 55: An inquiry made on motivations to i
Page 56 and 57:
References Anderson, T. W., and D.
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Strudsholm, F., and K. Sejersen. 20
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Abstract The objective of this pape
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4.2.2 Sward and herd management Thr
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Kristensen et al. (2007). Indoor ex
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Treatment P4, 4 hours of grazing, f
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Table 3. Total number of defecation
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Table 5. Time budget for dairy cows
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No significant correlation was foun
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4.4.3 Walking pattern and velocity
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When using either total time or act
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Poulsen, H.D., Kristensen, V.F., 19
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Abstract The objective of this stud
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practices in Denmark. Objections br
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evaluated based on a costs-benefit
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is found to be associated with redu
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However, we assumed a minor increas
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lactation months when the minimum i
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Economic evaluation For each scenar
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310 for N2O). GHG emissions are com
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Table 6. Production parameters esti
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include the purchase of heifers as
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social dimension in the analysis. I
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Often “kg milk” (fat corrected
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References Alrøe, H.F. Noe, E. 200
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IFOAM, 2008. Principles of organic
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Swedish Dairy Farming. Report FOOD2
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6.1 Introduction In this chapter th
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quantity, besides from being an imp
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additional money, and research shou
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area, weather, control of grass gro
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dairy industry, retail and consumer
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6.3.5 Mobile automatic milking Scen
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6.4 General Conclusions The conclus
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Hovi, M., A., Sundrum, A., Thamsbor
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Summary Organic agriculture provide
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Cows allowed grazing at pasture for
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Samenvatting De biologische landbou
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Dit is onderzocht in een beweidingp
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Resumé Økologisk landbrug leverer
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afgræsning med mælk fra ni timers
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Future Perspectives Based on the re
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Oudshoorn, F. W. , Nadimi, E. S. 20
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