Innovative Technology and Sustainable Development of Organic - 1.

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Table 5. Time budget for dairy cows as a proportion of 24 h for three treatments (P4, 4 h; P6.5, 6.5 h; P9, 9 h) within paddock, races, barn and milking process. Treatment P4 P6.5 P9 % % % % % % P Paddock 17 27 38 a Lie down 8 a 11 b 20 c P
Table 6. Nitrogen (N) balance at cow level estimated for three pasturing treatments (P4, 4 h; P6.5, 6.5 h; P9, 9 h) in g N cow −1 day −1 Treatment P4 P6.5 P9 Input Output Input Output Input Output Supplements 186 186 176 Herbage 285 331 369 Milk 153 160 168 Bodyweight 1 6 10 Sum 471 154 517 166 545 178 Surplus 317 351 367 4.4 Discussion 4.4.1 Urination and defecation frequency Dairy cows are stated to urinate and defecate 12 times per day (Lantinga et al., 1987), while other research registrations note between 6 and 10 times per day (Van Duinkerken et al., 2000). Stress is said to have some influence on the frequency, indicating that when imposing constraint, the frequency increases (Friend, 1991). The frequency of urination and defecation was in this experiment measured by two totally different methods. The first method was based on continuous observation of the group of 20 animals in the field. The second method was alternating every 5 minutes between behaviour registration and counting defecation and urination. The two sets of data confirm each other (Table 1), with an average frequency per day (urination: 6.5; defecation: 10.5) within the cited frequencies reported in the literature (Betteridge et al., 1986). The results show there is no difference in urination and defecation frequency per active hour compared with the total hours at pasture, even though the percentage of active time decreased with time spent outdoors. 4.4.2 Spatial distribution of excrement In the period when this experiment was undertaken there were measured minimum temperatures between 5 and 12°C and maximum temperatures between 13 and 28°C. The research done by White et al. (2001) suggests that, especially during warm periods, the distribution tends to be close to the water trough, due to frequent drinking. In our experiment no correlations were found between excrement pattern and dry weather, but the grazing time was limited to a maximum of 9 h, meaning that the cows could always drink in the barn. Only very few drinking observations were registered in the field (44 out of 5942 observations). This could explain why the allocation of excrement was not specifically higher in the quadrate where water was supplied. Research done with other grazing animals (pigs and beef cattle) shows higher concentrations of minerals originating from excrement around drinking or fodder troughs (Franzluebbers et al., 2000; Eriksen and Kristensen, 2001). The random spread of urinations and defecations in our experiment, for all three treatments, can be considered as positive in order to prevent excessive leaching from local hot-spots. The fact that the cows in all treatments were relatively busy grazing and moving around could have influenced this distribution in the field. Even though the cows in treatment P9, grazing for 9 h, had relatively more ‘free’ time, they did not use the time for drinking more. Other behavioural research has documented that cows’ second preference is for lying down, after the need to eat (Munksgaard et al., 2005). Thesis Frank W. Oudshoorn 71
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Innovative Technology and Sustainab
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Innovative Technology and Sustainab
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Abstract Development of organic dai
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Contents 1 General introduction 9 2
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1.1 Organic dairy farming in Denmar
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1.2 Organic agriculture, technology
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a. What are the economic, ecologica
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References Anonymous, 1977. Eindrap
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18 Sustainable Technology in Organi
Page 20 and 21: Abstract The aim of this study was
Page 22 and 23: Table 2. Structural development of
Page 24 and 25: negative influences on milk quality
Page 26 and 27: consumption, therefore, were not br
Page 28 and 29: According to the advisors, reasons
Page 30 and 31: Table 5. Dutch (NL) and Danish (DK)
Page 32 and 33: 2.5 Discussion 2.5.1 Perceptions: D
Page 34 and 35: ecause of a recently published arti
Page 36 and 37: References Alrøe, Hugo and Erik St
Page 38 and 39: [Dairy Production Economy]. Ed. M.
Page 40 and 41: Abstract The objective of this rese
Page 42 and 43: data set. As the size of the herd w
Page 44 and 45: The N output was computed as the N
Page 46 and 47: of necessary supplementary silage (
Page 48 and 49: was compensated by the above-mentio
Page 50 and 51: level. The most important reason fo
Page 52 and 53: Animal Health Culling rate was foun
Page 54 and 55: An inquiry made on motivations to i
Page 56 and 57: References Anderson, T. W., and D.
Page 58 and 59: Strudsholm, F., and K. Sejersen. 20
Page 60 and 61: Abstract The objective of this pape
Page 62 and 63: 4.2.2 Sward and herd management Thr
Page 64 and 65: Kristensen et al. (2007). Indoor ex
Page 66 and 67: Treatment P4, 4 hours of grazing, f
Page 68 and 69: Table 3. Total number of defecation
Page 72 and 73: No significant correlation was foun
Page 74 and 75: 4.4.3 Walking pattern and velocity
Page 76 and 77: When using either total time or act
Page 78 and 79: Poulsen, H.D., Kristensen, V.F., 19
Page 80 and 81: Abstract The objective of this stud
Page 82 and 83: practices in Denmark. Objections br
Page 84 and 85: evaluated based on a costs-benefit
Page 86 and 87: is found to be associated with redu
Page 88 and 89: However, we assumed a minor increas
Page 90 and 91: lactation months when the minimum i
Page 92 and 93: Economic evaluation For each scenar
Page 94 and 95: 310 for N2O). GHG emissions are com
Page 96 and 97: Table 6. Production parameters esti
Page 98 and 99: include the purchase of heifers as
Page 100 and 101: social dimension in the analysis. I
Page 102 and 103: Often “kg milk” (fat corrected
Page 104 and 105: References Alrøe, H.F. Noe, E. 200
Page 106 and 107: IFOAM, 2008. Principles of organic
Page 108 and 109: Swedish Dairy Farming. Report FOOD2
Page 110 and 111: 6.1 Introduction In this chapter th
Page 112 and 113: quantity, besides from being an imp
Page 114 and 115: additional money, and research shou
Page 116 and 117: area, weather, control of grass gro
Page 118 and 119: dairy industry, retail and consumer
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6.3.5 Mobile automatic milking Scen
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6.4 General Conclusions The conclus
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Hovi, M., A., Sundrum, A., Thamsbor
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Summary Organic agriculture provide
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Cows allowed grazing at pasture for
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Samenvatting De biologische landbou
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Dit is onderzocht in een beweidingp
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Resumé Økologisk landbrug leverer
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afgræsning med mælk fra ni timers
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Future Perspectives Based on the re
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Oudshoorn, F. W. , Nadimi, E. S. 20
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