Ujce czxysq ghjåkt rfycrjt zpsrb éfñn cndty njhst gjvt hfyb pfyysö öhfybn

More documents

Recommendations

Info

crjq vt nf ab pb xtc rjq ht kb ubb≥, Ymñ-Ötq dty, Qtkmc rbq eyb dth cbntn, 2007 ujl). Rhj vt nj uj, jåt rj kj ybb hfy yt uj gt hbj lf, bu hfd ibt dtle oeñ hjkm d åj ktt gj plybö gj kb nb xtc rbö cj ås nb zö, ås kb pf ct kt ys cf vs vb hfp ys vb htkb ub jp ys vb uheg gf vb. Éb nt kb gth djq gj cnj zy yjq rj kj ybb d Létqvcnfe yt, cj plfy yjq d 1607 uj le d Dbh léb ybb, jab wb fkmyj ghb yfl kt éf kb r Fy ukb rfycrjq wth rdb. Bö fy ukb rfy cn dj ås kj yf cnjkm rj cnhj ubv, xnj d nt xt ybt lt cz nb kt nbz gjc kt 1610 uj lf, cj ukfc yj pf rj yj lf ntkm cn de Dbh ub ybb, ghj gecr nhtö djcrhtc ysö åj ujc ke ét ybq gjl hzl rf hfk cz cvth nyjq rfp ymñ (e yfc ytn lfy ysö j njv, xnj rnj-nj yf cf vjv lt kt åsk rfp yty pf ghj gecr åj ujc ke ét ybq). Jl yjdht vty yj c änbv gt ht ct kty ws d Gkb ven crjq rj kj ybb d Yj djq Fy ukbb (1620 ujl) b d Rj kj ybb Vfc cf xe ctn crj uj pf kb df (1630 ujl) (rj nj hst dgjcktl cn dbb jåüt lb yb kbcm) ås kb ge hb nf yf vb – xkt yf vb ldeö ht ajh vf njh crbö uhegg, jn dth ufd ibö ghfr nb re b ajh vs åj ujc ke ét ybz fy ukb rfy crjq wth rdb. Gkb vencrbt gb kbu hb vs, hf ytt gt ht ct kbd ibt cz d Ujk kfy lbñ, cxb nf kb ct åz jn lt kty ys vb jn fy ukb rfy crjq wth rdb. D åj ktt jå ibh yjq Rj kj ybb Vfc cf xe ctn crj uj pf kb df nt, rnj yt jn lt kbk cz jn fy ukb rfy crjq wth rdb, gs nfkbcm bp vt ybnm tt bp yen hb. Jåt uheg gs gjl xth rb df kb pyf xt ybt jå hf ot ybz d bc nby yjt b xbc njt öhbc nb fy cn dj, jc yj dfy yjt yf kbx yjv ht kb ub jp yjv jgs nt. Jyb ås kb d pyf xb ntkm yjq cnt gt yb gjl dth ét ys dkbz ybñ rfkm db ybpvf, wty nhfkm yjq ljr nhb yjq rj nj hj uj åsk ce dt ht yb ntn Åj uf, f nfr ét ljr nhb ys j uht öjd yjc nb xt kj dt xt cn df b ghj bpdjkm yjc nb åj ét cn dty yj uj ds åj hf d gjkm pe ytptv yj uj hfz bkb dtx ysö fl crbö ver. Jåt uheg gs ås kb nfr ét gj rkjy yb rf vb cdjåjl yjq bkb jåüt lb yty yjq wth rdb, rj nj hfz hfp hjc kfcm dj dht vz fyf åfg nbcn crjq (hf lb rfkm yjq) Ht ajh vf wbb d 16-jv dt rt d Td hj gt. Jyb ghb lf df kb jcj åjt pyf xt ybt hj kb lfy yjq jåüt lb yty yjq rjy uht uf wbj yf kbcn crjq wth rdb rfr öhf yb ntkm yb ws Åjémt uj Pf dt nf. Lf ét ge hb nfy crbt ht ajh vf nj hs Rj kj ybb Vfc cfxe ctn crj uj pf kb df jrf pf kbcm yt ljc nf njx yj ge hb nf yf vb lkz yt rj nj hsö yj dsö ghj ntc nfyn crbö gt ht ct kty wtd. Hjl-Fq ktyl cnfk hj lb yjq gj cktl jdf nt ktq åfg nbp vf gjc kt nj uj, rfr Hj léth Ebkmzvc jc yj dfk rj kj ybñ d Jr yj dbn hf éf d Gth djq fa hb rfy crjq åfg nbcn crjq wth rdb d Cf dfy yt, infn Léjhlébz. Plf ybt ås kj gj cnhjt yj d 1859 u. ecb kbz vb cdj åjl ysö xth yj rj ébö b hf åjd. Yf cnjz ofz wth rjdm ds lt kb kfcm bp rjy uht uf wbb, jh uf yb pj dfy yjq d 1788 u., b cxb nf tn cz jl ybv bp cnf htq ibö fa hjf vt hb rfy crbö ghb öj ljd d CIF. 1636 uj le. Ebkmzvc ås kb bp uyfy bp Rj kj ybb Vfc cf xectn crj uj pf kb df pf rhb nb xtc rjt jn yj it ybt r cj åhfnmzv-ge hb nf yfv. D Hjl-Fq kty lt r yt ve ghb cjt lb ybkbcm lhe ubt ht kb ub jp yst lbc cb lty ns. Cht lb ybö ås kf jn rhs nj ds crf ps dfd ifz cdjb dpukz ls Äyy Öfn xb cjy, rj nj hfz en dth élf kf, xnj yf öj lbn cz gjl gj rhj db ntkmcn djv Cdz nj uj Le öf. Ñé ytt, d Ymñ-Qjh rt cht lb ghj ntc nfy njd ås kb ujk kfyl crbt ht ajh vbc ns, gj ct kbdibt cz d uj hj lt tot dj dht vt yf, rju lf jy åsk Yj dsv Fv cnth lf vjv. Pltcm gj ct kb kbcm b lhe ubt td hj gtq crbt ghj ntc nfyn crbt uheg gs – ahfy wep crbt rfkm db ybc ns, yt vtw rbt kñ nt hf yt, rjy uht uf wbj yf kbc ns Yj djq Fyukbb, rdf rt hs b åfg nbc ns – yt cvjn hz yf nj, xnj rjkj ybz jab wb fkm yj cxb nf kfcm fy ukb rfy crjq (cv. ryb ue Hb xfh lf D. Gjq ynt hf ≤Ghj ntc nfyn crbq gkñ hf kbpv b jgsn Ymñ-Qjh rf: bc ckt lj df ybt ht kb ub jp yj uj vyj uj jåhf pbz dj ctvyfl wf nj uj dt rf≥, Åke vby unjy, Eyb dth cb ntn inf nf By lbf yf, 1988 ujl). Éb nt kb Ymñ-Qjh rf hfc cvfn hb df kb cdjt vyj uj jåhf pbt rfr gj kj éb ntkm yjt zd kt ybt, cnf yj dzcm cdb lt ntkz vb tuj ght bve ot cnd c ht kb ub jp yjq b gj kb nb xtc rjq njx rb pht ybz. D Ymñ-Léth cb ds öjl ws bp Ujk kfy lbb b lhe ubt bv vbu hfy ns bp cnhfy Ct dth yjq Td hj gs ghb cjt lb ybkbcm r hz lfv gj ct kty wtd Yj djq Fy ukbb b fy ukbq crbö rdf rt hjd. Rdf rt hs yf ikb ct åt yf ltéyjt eåt éb ot d Gty cbkm df ybb b cnf kb bu hfnm dt le oeñ hjkm d tt Aj nju hf abz ght lj cnfd kt yf cfq njv Savannahvis it.com eJournal USA 10
eg hfd kt ybb. Bltj kj ubz nth gb vjc nb cnf kf jl ybv bp jght ltkzñ obö ghby wb gjd gjc kt jc yj df ybz rj kj ybb rdf rt hjd d 1681 uj le Ebkmz vjv Gty yjv. Gtyy, csy fl vb hf kf b yj dj jå hf oty ysq rdf rth, dcne gbk d ghf dj dkf lt ybz rj kj yb tq, gj ke xbd jå ibh ysq exfc njr ptv kb d cxtn jg kf ns uth wj ujv Qjhr crbv ljk uf tuj jn we. Rdf rt hs, cj cdj tq vbc nb xtc rjq dt hjq d gj dct vtcn yjt ghb cen cn dbt ≤åj ét cn dty yj uj cdt nf≥, ght jå hf pj df kb cdjñ ht kb ub jp yeñ ab kj cj abñ d cj wb fkm yjt b gj kbnb xtc rjt lj cnjz ybt lkz dctö. D Gty cbkm df ybb vjé yj ås kj cdjåjl yj bc gj dt lj dfnm kñ åeñ ht kb ubñ, f nfr ét cj åkñ lf kbcm ghf df cdj åj ls cj dtc nb. Gj hf éf kj b edféb ntkm yjt jn yj it ybt Gty yf r rj hty yj ve yf ct kt ybñ Fvt hb rb ghb pf rkñ xt ybb lj uj dj hjd c by ltq wf vb b tuj gj kb nb rf jn rf pf jn ghb vt yt ybz dj ty ysö ltqcn dbq. Fy ukbq crbt rdf rt hs b åfg nbcn crbt vbc cbj yt hs ghj ybr kb dj dct xfc nb fvt hb rfy crj uj ñuf, ult ht kb ubjp yjt vyj uj jå hf pbt cnf kj ghb dsx ysv zd kt yb tv. Ytvf kj dfé yj b nj, xnj yf ñut cnhf ys nfr ét gj zdb kbcm gj ct kt ybz ghtl cnf db nt ktq ght cdb nt hb fy crjq wth rdb dvtc nt c wt ksv hz ljv lbc cb ltyn crbö uhegg vtym it uj hfp vt hf. Yt vtw rbt ctr nfy ns ct kb kbcm d Gty cbkm df ybb b d lhe ubö vtc nfö – cht lb ybö ås kb vty yj yb ns, jreyfy ws b vj hfd crbt åj uj vj ks. Ult ås yb gj zd kz kbcm yt vtw rbt b crfy lb yfd crbt gt ht ct kty ws, djp yb rf kb åjkm ibt jå ob ys kñ nt hfy b ht ajh vbc njd (rfkm db ybcnjd). Yf åkñ lf kjcm hfc ghj cnhf yt ybt b nf rbö yt nhf lb wbjy ysö ctr nfyn crbö jå hf pj df ybq rfr jå ob yf ≤Éty ob yf d uke ib≥ yt lf kt rj jn Ab kf ltkm abb – nfq yjt åhfn cndj, rj nj hjt bc gj dt lj df kj cgkfd zps xt cn df, öhbc nb fy cndf b be lf bp vf d jcj åjq ajh vt ht kb ubb, jåj ét cn dkzditq ghb hj le. Dkbz ybt hfp kbx ysö ajhv åkf uj dt cn djdf ybz Ghb nf rjv hfp yj jå hf pbb ht kb ub jp yjq cf vj åsnyjc nb b rjy re hb heñ obö ht kb ub jp ysö gjl öj ljd cht lb kñ ltq, rj nj hst ås kb gj cdjt ve le öe vbc cbj yt hf vb, r 18 dt re gj ke xb kb ib hj rjt hfc ghj cnhf yt ybt ajhvs åkf uj dt cn djdf ybz, cj ghj djé lfd ibt cz vfc cj ds vb ghj gj dt lz vb Tdfy ut kbz, wt kmñ rj nj hsö ås kj jå hf otybt b gj bcr cgf ct ybz dj Öhbc nt. Yf nf rbö cj åhf yb zö d kñ lzö ghj åeé lf kbcm ävj wbb b er htg kz kfcm dt hf, änj ås kj yt jå öj lb vj lkz nj uj, xnj ås ghj cnst kñ lb dcnegf kb d yj dst ht kb ub jp yst uheg gs bkb dj pjåyjd kz kb cdjñ fr nbd yjcnm d ght éybö. Bc nj hb rb xfc nj yf ps df ñn gt hb jl c rjy wf 1730-ö lj 1740-ö b 1750-ö uj ljd dht vtytv jcj åj uj dyb vf ybz r djp hjé lt ybñ dt hs (cv. ryb ue Ebkmz vf U. Vfr kja kb yf ≤Djp hjé lt ybt, ghj åeé lt ybt b ht ajh vf: jxthr j ht kb ubb b cj wb fkm ysö gt ht vt yfö d Fvt hb rt, 1607–1977 uu.≥, Xb rf uj, Xb rfu crbq eybdth cb ntn, 1978 u.). Bp dtcn yfz gjl yf pdf yb tv ≤Dt kb rjt ghj åeé lt ybt≥ bkb byju lf rfr ≤Gth djt dt kb rjt ghjåeé lt ybt≥, änf ägj öf jn vt xt yf ltz ntkm yjc nmñ ldeö ds lfñ obö cz ghj gj dtl yb rjd. Jl ybv bp ybö åsk cnhfycn deñ obq fy ukbq crbq ghj gj dtl ybr gj bvt yb Léjhlé Efq nabkl, gj cktl jdf ntkm Léj yf Eäc kb (jc yj df nt kz vt nj lbp vf) b ext ybq rfkm db ybp vf, rj nj hsq tp lbk gj rj kj yb zv Ct dth yjq Fvt hb rb b xb nfk ghj gj dt lb, xnj ås cj åhfnm ltym ub lkz ghb ñnf d ñé yjq rj kj ybb Léjhlébz. Lhe ujq – Léj yf nfy Äl dfhlc – åsk gehb nf yb yjv, rj nj hj uj cxb nf kb dt kb xfq ibv ntj kj ujv Fvt hb rb. D cdj bö ghj gj dt lzö d Yjh cfv gnj yt, infn Vfc cf xe ctnc, jy djp hj lbk ce hj deñ rfkm db ybcn creñ lj uve jå jå ht xty yjc nb ntö, rnj yt bp åhfy lkz cgf ctybz. Änb ghj gj dtl yb rb ås kb kbim lde vz bp vyj ubö. Yf ghb vth, d nfr yf ps dft vsö ≤cht lby ysö rj kj yb zö≥ – Gty cbkm df ybb b, d jcj åty yjc nb, Ymñ-Léth cb ght cdbnt hbf yt ghtl kf uf kb cdjñ dth cbñ ghj åeé lt ybz. Gj db lb vj ve, zpsr ib hj rj uj åkf uj dtc nbz cnfk ht kb ub jp ysv zps rjv CIF. Bc nj hb rb jn vt xf ñn hjkm änj uj zd kt ybz d cj plf ybb b er htg kt ybb ht kb ub jp yj uj yt cj ukf cbz, yt cvjn hz yf nj, xnj jyj d pyf xb ntkm yjq vt ht cgj cjå cn djdf kj er htg kt ybñ xed cn df jå oyjc nb cht lb rj kj ybc njd. D änjq cdz pb ckt le tn jn vt nbnm jl yj dfé yjt zd kt ybt, xfc nbx yj jåüzc yzñ ott bltj kj ub xtcrbt rjh yb Fvt hb rfy crjq ht dj kñ wbb d rjy wt 18 dt rf. Dt kb rjt ghj åeé lt ybt csu hf kj åjkm ieñ hjkm d cj plfybb xed cn df jå otq cf vj åsn yjc nb, rj nj hjt yt jå öj lb vj lkz yf xf kf kñ åjq ht dj kñ wbb (cv. ryb ue Fkf yf Ötqvth nf ≤Ht kb ubz b fvt hb rfy crjt vsi kt ybt: jn Dt kb rjuj ghj åeé lt ybz lj ht dj kñ wbb≥, Räv åhblé, Ufh dfhlcrbq eyb dth cb ntn, 1966 ujl). Yt pf db cb vj jn nj uj, rfr vs dj cghb yb vf tv lfy ysq fh ue vtyn, zc yj, xnj eét r rjy we 18-uj dt rf d Fvt hb rt ckj éb kjcm ht kb ub jp yjt vyj uj jå hf pbt, rj nj hjt b gj ctq ltym jc nf tn cz ds lfñotq cz jcj åty yjc nmñ cj wb fkm yj uj gtq pf éf cnhf ys. n Vytybz, dshfétyyst d cnfnmt, yt jnhféfñn dpukzls b gjkbnbxtcrbt ghbywbgs ghfdbntkmcndf CIF eJournal USA 11
Page 2 and 3: UJCELFHCNDTYYSQ LTGFH
Page 4 and 5: Ujcelfhcndtyysq Ltgfh
Page 6 and 7: Lj hjé ysq pyfr d vf ktym rjv uj h
Page 8 and 9: Vyj uj kb rfz njk gf by le bc njd y
Page 10 and 11: Ahfy wbc rfy crbq cdz oty ybr Uty y
Page 14 and 15: Lt vju hf abz dt hs Åhf qfy Uhbv b
Page 16 and 17: uj ce lfh cn dj ib hj rj ghb pyf tn
Page 18 and 19: wth rdb ghj éb df tn yf pf gf lt g
Page 20 and 21: ljv rjyrhtnyjv ckexft. Änb
Page 22 and 23: © AP Ima ges/Xfhkmp Htrc Äy åj u
Page 24 and 25: Jy gj lftn d cel, xnj ås pf cnf db
Page 26 and 27: Dj ty yj-djp lei ysö cbk be ltq cr
Page 28 and 29: gjl lth érb b jö hf ys cdj åj ls
Page 30 and 31: Cñ pfy Vfr lfa ab, hf qjy ysq lb h
Page 32 and 33: gfc cf éb hjd tcnm fk rj ujkm yst
Page 34 and 35: Aj nj: Fhjy Kbö njd/ Td htq crfz i
Page 36 and 37: jn rhs nsö ldt htq - ≤lyb jn rhs
Page 38 and 39: Wtynh ht kb ub jp yjq cdj åj ls By

Ujce czxysq ghjåkt rfycrjt zpsrb éfñn cndty njhst gjvt hfyb pfyysö öhfybn

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?