SCHOOL THESIS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Since 1958, North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) has a
proven history of adapting and evolving to meet changing military defense challenges
using new technology—from its early years providing ground-based radar warning of
approaching Soviet bombers, to ground-based radar warning of in-bound Soviet ICBMS,
to satellite-based warning of any missile launch occurring around the world, to extended
radar warning of approaching cruise missiles, to the warning of suspect maritime vessels
approaching North America. Overall, NORAD has sole responsibility for receiving early
warnings from numerous space-based and ground-based sensors and developing an
integrated North American attack assessment.
Because all of the sensors feeding into NORAD travel across the broader
“information superhighway,” there exists a genuine risk of potentially hostile nations
conducting damaging cyberspace operations against NORAD (to include blinding
NORAD to actual threats or feeding the Command false information for incorrect action.)
With the recent increase in worldwide cyberspace events, NORAD has thus begun
examining its own potential role in this new operational domain.
An exact definition regarding what constitutes a “cyber attack” remains in flux.
Despite this lack of definition, however, both the U.S. and Canada have been quick to
establish new, dedicated military organizations specializing in conducting cyberspace
operations. Further, current military cyberspace event conferences now share warning
information between U.S. Combatant Commands around the world, to include the
NORAD and USNORTHCOM Command Center. (One area of concern: current U.S.
classification policies restrict the sharing of certain classified information with Canadian
NORAD members.)
Over the course of 50 years, NORAD has repeatedly reassessed, redefined, and
updated its core operational missions based upon a constantly evolving threat. The
NORAD Agreement clearly reflects both Nation’s desire that NORAD be able to adapt
and defend against newly evolving military threats which each nation may jointly face.
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