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Thus, as concerns about Soviet nuclear capabilities became dire, in 1954 the Department of Defense formed a new, multi-service command called “Continental Air Defense Command” (CONAD) involving Army, Naval, and Air Force forces. As their service contribution, the Air Force provided interceptor fighter aircraft and agreed to operate an extensive array of arctic distant early warning radar sites which would act as a “trip wire” against any surprise Soviet bomber attack launched over the North Pole. In addition, new defense agreements between Canada and the United Stated were negotiated, centering on building three series of long-range ground radar warning sites across Canada—the southern “Pinetree Line,” the “Mid-Canada Line,” and the famous northern “Distant Early Warning (DEW) Line.” (See Figure 1.) Figure 1. North American Distant Early Warning (DEW) Site. 4 4 Tom Page, “Alaskan DEW Line Sites,” Radomes, Inc., accessed 20 Apr 2015, http://www.radomes.org/museum/alaskadew.php. 6
Based upon the remarkable success of these joint United States-Canadian radar construction efforts, in late 1957, the U.S. and Canada then jointly agreed to create an innovative “North American Air Defense Command” (NORAD), merging the operational control of both United States and Canadian air defense forces under a single, multinational military command. NORAD was official established on 12 May 1958. 5 (See Figure 2.) Figure 2. Original NORAD “Air” Emblem of 1958. 6 The two nations formalized this mutual air defense arrangement in a new, binational defense agreement to be known as the “NORAD Agreement.” The NORAD Agreement, with its requirement for periodic review every five years, ensured the United States and Canada the flexibility to adapt the new Command to any changes in the defense environment over the coming years. 5 NORAD History Office. 6 Ibid. 7
Page 1 and 2: NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY,
Page 3 and 4: REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form Appr
Page 5 and 6: Approved for public release; distri
Page 7 and 8: ABSTRACT For more than fifty years,
Page 9 and 10: TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION..
Page 11 and 12: 1. Advantages, Disadvantages and We
Page 13 and 14: LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. North Ame
Page 15 and 16: LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Cyberspace
Page 17 and 18: LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
Page 19 and 20: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Since 1958, North
Page 21 and 22: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I feel very fortuna
Page 23 and 24: I. INTRODUCTION A. PROBLEM STATEMEN
Page 25 and 26: This thesis then developed three co
Page 27: II. OPERATIONAL OVERVIEW A. INTRODU
Page 31 and 32: Later, because of growing concerns
Page 33 and 34: 3. Cruise Missile Warning While ICB
Page 35 and 36: C. NORAD’S NEW MARITIME WARNING M
Page 37 and 38: When asked about the pending NORAD
Page 39 and 40: Director Clapper then identified to
Page 41 and 42: Level 2. Software tools that can be
Page 43 and 44: First, the Tallinn group developed
Page 45 and 46: More importantly, the NATO definiti
Page 47 and 48: DODIN Operations. “Operations to
Page 49 and 50: As can be seen, the topic of “cyb
Page 51 and 52: 3. U.S. Northern Command Created in
Page 53 and 54: 5. U.S. Cyber Command Created in 20
Page 55 and 56: Figure 16. DND and SJS Crests. 2. S
Page 57 and 58: 4. Canadian Forces Information Oper
Page 59 and 60: Figure 19. Cyber Event Conferences.
Page 61 and 62: Finally, the NORAD and USNORTHCOM C
Page 63 and 64: III. LITERATURE REVIEW A. INTRODUCT
Page 65 and 66: Maritime warning consists of proces
Page 67 and 68: Initiative #10. Define and develop
Page 69 and 70: of peace and crisis, and develop th
Page 71 and 72: c. National Military Strategy (2011
Page 73 and 74: This publication discusses cyberspa
Page 75 and 76: MINDFUL that in the years since the
Page 77 and 78: IV. COURSES OF ACTION DEVELOPMENT A
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4. Disadvantages and Proposed Solut
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Requires negotiating new cyberspace
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E. SUMMARY This chapter identified
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V. COURSES OF ACTION ANALYSIS A. ME
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2. COA #1 Synopsis COA #1 is a prom
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Requires negotiating new cyberspace
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DISADVANTAGES SOLUTIONS WEIGHT Modi
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Under this COA, existing classified
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Change DOD conference procedures to
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VI. FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS A.
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Finally, COA #3 proposes a joint NO
Page 101 and 102:
LIST OF REFERENCES “2014: Piracy,
Page 103 and 104:
Lawson,Sean. “DOD’s ‘First’
Page 105 and 106:
———. Joint Publication 3-12R
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INITIAL DISTRIBUTION LIST 1. Defens
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