Part 1 – A Rapid Participatory Biodiversity Assessment - IUCN

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3.6.2 Biodiversity and food provision in the study area Food security and rice production: The Comprehensive Food Security and Vulnerability Analysis (CFSVA) 3 conducted by the World Food Programme in 2006, presents a bleak picture of food security in Lao. The report found that one out of every two children in rural Lao is chronically malnourished, affecting both physical development and cognitive capacity. This high level of chronic malnutrition has existed for at least ten years, despite the steady rate of national economic growth. While the level of poor or borderline food consumption is currently at 13 percent of all households, as many as two thirds of the rural population are at risk of becoming food insecure. Livelihood portfolios provide a vital window on this vulnerability. The study found that access to wild meat and aquatic resources, especially wild fish, is the largest source of animal protein. Communities from the Mon-Khmer linguistic group are at particular risk. The report concluded that the causes of food insecurity are many. A focus on poverty reduction will not be sufficient for overcoming food security issues in currently insecure and vulnerable populations. A combination of education, hygiene and nutrition, physical infrastructure and the agriculture and environmental approaches is necessary. The report recommends, among other things, sustainable management of wildlife and aquatic resources, with particular consideration of competing demands on forest resources. Kitchen gardens are identified as priority interventions, as the report found that households with kitchen gardens are generally more food secure. The report also stresses the linkages between physical infrastructure, production and marketing in contributing to reduction of food vulnerability. Provision of basic sanitation and clean water facilities must be accompanied by instruction and awareness raising. Finally, the demonstrated positive correlation between food security and education suggest that basic literacy, especially among women, should be prioritized. In Lao PDR, the term ‘food security’ has typically been considered to mean sufficiency in rice production. In recent years, with the rapid expansion of new markets into rural areas, there is more concern with local capacity to supplement rice deficits by purchasing rice with cash obtained through commercial crop production. The lessons from the nutrition study above clearly demonstrate that a more nuanced understanding of food security must be adopted. A full nutritional study and food security study of the villages was outside the scope of this study. However, data gathered on basic livelihood strategies was analysed to the extent possible through a somewhat broader food security lens. The picture presented in Table 3.13 below is indicative. Table 3.13 Food security and rice sufficiency (based on data gathered in target villages) District Year-round rice sufficient households (%) 7-9 months per year rice sufficient households (%) 4-6 months per year rice sufficient households (%) 3 months or less per year rice sufficient households Vilabouri 56.4 30.9 12.7 0 -- Sepon -- -- -- -- 6 Nong 0 7.3 55.7 37 -- Taoy 9.8 9.8 18.4 62 -- Samoi 0.8 15.6 22.7 39.6 -- Percentage 17.46 16.56 28.54 37.43 -- (%) Average household rice sufficiency (months/year) Aside from Vilabouri district, table 3.13 shows that villagers have serious problems accessing rice throughout the year. To deal with rice shortage, some villagers borrow rice from relatives within the community (often at high interest rates) or purchase rice on the market. In some villages, particularly in 3 Comprehensive Food Security and Vulnerability Analysis. 2007. World Food Programme. 31
Samoi district, it is common to grow cassava as a cash crop and purchase rice with the money earned from selling the cassava. Even with these response mechanisms, it is not uncommon to find households unable to obtain sufficient rice. Harvest of edible wild plants: Wild vegetables are an important part of the local diets. Villagers in all survey villages collect shoots, leaves, roots and yams from natural forest and managed regenerating forest. Areas such as riverine forest habitats in particular harbour many of these edible plants, while upland fallow forest is also a source of several important edible plants. The following table (3.13) presents some of the key wild plant species that contribute to local diets. It is interesting to note that local people perceive many of these plants to be abundant, and some of them in steady supply. Table 3.13 Key plant species used for food in village landscapes in the study area Common Name Edible Shoots Scientific Name Lao Name Habitat Status Trend Rattan shoots Calamus viminalis Wai toon Open area and near stream A D Bamboo shoots Gigantochloa apus Mai lai Evergreen forest and near stream A ST Bamboo shoots Neohouzeana Mai ka sa Evergreen forest A I mekongemsis and near stream Bamboo shoots Oxytenanthera Mai soth Evergreen forest A I parviflora and near stream Lao lady palm shoots Bambusa tulda Mai Bong Near stream A ST Rhapis laoensis Saan Evergreen forest A ST Sugar palm shoots Edible fruits Arenga westerhoutii Tao Evergreen forest and near stream R D Ambra Edible leaves Spondias pinnata Mak kok Evergreen forest and near stream N/A N/A Wild water lemon Passiflora foetida Phak bouang Fallow land A I Eugenia Eugenia zeylanica Phak samek Dipterocarp forest C ST Edible roots, tubers and yams Galangal Alpinia spp. Kha pa Dipterocarp forest A I Status – (A) Abundant, (C) Common, (S) Scarce; (R) Rare - (as perceived by villages) Trend – (I) Increasing; (St) Steady; D (Declining) – (as perceived by villages) Edible cultivated crop varieties: Apart from the rice varieties grown in upland and irrigated lands, several other edible annual crops are grown in the survey villages using permanent home gardens and swidden cultivation land, including fruits, vegetables, and yams (see Table 3.14 for common edible crops in the survey areas). Table 3.14 Edible annual and/or perennial crop species grown in village landscapes Common Name Scientific Name Lao Name Cultivation area Vegetables (leaves, pods, flowers, shoots etc) Wild water lemon Passiflora foetida Pak bouang Garden Lime Citrus spp. Mak nao Garden Cabbage Brassica oleracea Kalampi Garden var. capitata Papaya Carica papaya Mak houng Garden Banana Musa balbisiana Mak kouay Garden Cucumber Cucumis sativus Mak teang Garden 32
Page 1 and 2: A Rapid Participatory Biodiversity
Page 3 and 4: Contents Executive Summary.........
Page 5 and 6: Executive Summary The Rapid Partici
Page 7 and 8: 5. Conversion of a low biodiversity
Page 9 and 10: Management R5.4.2: Assist in the st
Page 11 and 12: Figure 1.1 Biodiversity Study Area
Page 13 and 14: 1.1.5 How this biodiversity assessm
Page 15 and 16: 1.3 A Rapid & Participatory Assessm
Page 17 and 18: differences and similarities among
Page 19 and 20: Part 2 - Overview of the project ar
Page 21 and 22: Diversity of languages and cultures
Page 23 and 24: Xelanong River with undulating hill
Page 25 and 26: as potential plantation areas. Vill
Page 27 and 28: Livestock grazing in fallow field C
Page 29 and 30: Small road with village use forest
Page 31 and 32: the La Leng mountains. The Lahi Riv
Page 33 and 34: esidential areas are surrounded by
Page 35 and 36: Part 3 - Status of biodiversity in
Page 37 and 38: Leguminosae Dalbergia cochinchinens
Page 39 and 40: Based on current observations and i
Page 41 and 42: 3.5 Important localities for conser
Page 43: Timber (for housing) Almost all vil
Page 47 and 48: Egret Egretta spp. Nok yang DSF,FA
Page 49 and 50: Table 3.17. Key traded species in t
Page 51 and 52: 3.7 Conservation issues and threats
Page 53 and 54: o Siltation of streams due to soil
Page 55 and 56: Forestry Law (2005, amended 2007) L
Page 57 and 58: During stakeholder consultations wh
Page 59 and 60: 9 Intercropping 10 Community develo
Page 61 and 62: • Village landscape and biodivers
Page 63 and 64: Table 5.1: Guidelines for buffer zo
Page 65 and 66: Existing land-use around areas sele
Page 67 and 68: IUCN Rapid Participatory Biodiversi
Page 77 and 78: Annex 1: Secondary Data Source - Ma
Page 83 and 84: Annex 3: Primary Species Lists Anne
Page 85 and 86: Remarks: The mammal species recorde
Page 87 and 88: PF - Paddy Fields; G - Grasslands;
Page 91 and 92: Graminae Gigantochlo apas Graminae
Page 93 and 94: unidentified unidentified Mai - o,
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Family Common & Scientific Name Lao
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IUCN Rapid Participatory Biodiversi
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Remarks: The mammal species recorde
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Plants recorded in Vilabouri Distri
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ecorded Ì Viverridae Large Spotted
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Serpent Eagle - Spilornis cheela O
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Plants observed in Ta Oy District -
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Leguminosae Acacia megdalena Legumi
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malaceaesis Zingiberaceae Alpinia b
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Mammals recorded in Samoi District
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Sciuridae Berdmore's Squirrel - Men
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Agamidae Water Dragon - Pysignathus
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Plants observed in Samoi District -
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Annex 4: Consolidated Secondary Spe
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B46 Steinmetz, R., T. Stones & T. C
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order) ,The Dakchung Plateau IUCN R
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Annex 4.1: Plant Species Family Nam
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Part 1 – A Rapid Participatory Biodiversity Assessment - IUCN

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