Dissertations in Forestry and Natural Sciences

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AUTHOR’S CONTRIBUTION This dissertation is based on four publications that examined the treatment and testing of WPCs modified with two types of distillates, and the characterization of VOCs from various types of WPCs. Papers I, III, and IV were concerned with the characterization of WPCs treated with hardwood and softwood distillates. Paper II focused on the evaluation of the applicability of PTR-TOF-MS for monitoring VOC emissions from WPCs. The original idea for the utilization of wood distillates in WPCs was presented by Prof. Reijo Lappalainen, who also treated the granules with the hardwood distillate in paper I. The author was mainly responsible for the sample preparation. Moreover, the sample characterization and result analyses were conducted by the author. The author was also the main writer for the paper, with contributions from other authors. In paper II, the comparative measurements of seven different WPC decks were conducted by the author with the kind help from Pasi Yli- Pirilä, M.Sc. Kimmo Laitinen, M.Sc., conducted the measurements for the 41-day trial and wrote a part of the materials and methods -section for the paper. The samples for the study were acquired by Dr. Laura Tomppo and Prof. Reijo Lappalainen. The author analyzed the results and wrote the majority of the research paper. Pasi Yli-Pirilä, M.Sc., Dr. Laura Tomppo, Doc. Jorma Joutsensaari, Doc. Olavi Raatikainen, and Prof. Reijo Lappalainen gave constructive comments and suggestions for the paper. The ideas for papers III and IV were devised by the author and Dr. Laura Tomppo. Jorma Heikkinen processed the distillates and impregnated the granules. The author was mainly responsible for the preparation of the samples. In addition, the sample characterization and sample analyses were undertaken by the author. The papers were written by the author with contributions from Dr. Laura Tomppo and Prof. Reijo Lappalainen.
Contents 1 Introduction .................................................................................. 19 2 Wood-plastic composites ........................................................... 23 2.1 Raw materials ....................................................................... 24 2.1.1 Wood ............................................................................ 25 2.1.2 Polymers ....................................................................... 28 2.1.3 Additives ...................................................................... 31 2.2 Properties .............................................................................. 33 2.2.1 Mechanical properties .................................................. 34 2.2.2 Water absorption .......................................................... 38 2.2.3 VOC emissions ............................................................. 40 2.3 Manufacturing technologies ............................................... 42 2.3.1 Extrusion ...................................................................... 42 2.3.2 Injection molding ......................................................... 44 2.3.3 Compression molding ................................................... 45 2.3.4 Choosing appropriate manufacturing method ............. 46 3 Characterization of wood-plastic composites ........................ 49 3.1 Mechanical properties ......................................................... 49 3.1.1 Tensile strength ............................................................ 50 3.1.2 Flexural strength and modulus .................................... 52 3.1.3 Impact strength ............................................................ 53 3.2 Water absorption .................................................................. 55 3.3 VOC emissions ..................................................................... 56 3.3.1 TD-GC-FID/MS .......................................................... 56 3.3.2 PTR-MS ....................................................................... 57 4 Thermal processing of wood ..................................................... 61 4.1 ThermoWood ® process ........................................................ 63 4.2 Slow pyrolysis of wood ....................................................... 65 4.3 Products obtained from the processes .............................. 67 4.3.1 Charcoal........................................................................ 67 Dissertations in Forestry and Natural Sciences No 222 17
Page 1: PUBLICATIONS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF E
Page 4 and 5: Grano Oy Jyväskylä, 2016 Editors:
Page 7 and 8: ABSTRACT The use of raw materials d
Page 9: Universal Decimal Classification: 6
Page 12 and 13: Finally, I am grateful to my wife A
Page 14 and 15: TD-GC-FID/MS Thermal desorption/gas
Page 17: LIST OF ORIGINAL PUBLICATIONS This
Page 21 and 22: 1 Introduction The finiteness of cr
Page 23 and 24: Introduction A new and environmenta
Page 25 and 26: 2 Wood-plastic composites By defini
Page 27 and 28: Wood-plastic composites additives u
Page 29 and 30: Wood-plastic composites Cellulose i
Page 31 and 32: Wood-plastic composites The propert
Page 33 and 34: Wood-plastic composites Figure 3. T
Page 35 and 36: Wood-plastic composites of lubrican
Page 37 and 38: Wood-plastic composites roughness a
Page 39 and 40: Wood-plastic composites Hosseinaei
Page 41 and 42: Wood-plastic composites the accessi
Page 43 and 44: Wood-plastic composites However, WP
Page 45 and 46: Wood-plastic composites A typical s
Page 47 and 48: Wood-plastic composites to fill the
Page 49: Wood-plastic composites absorption.
Page 52 and 53: Taneli Väisänen: Effects of Therm
Page 63 and 64: 4 Thermal processing of wood Therma
Page 65 and 66: Thermal processing of wood Figure 9
Page 67 and 68: Thermal processing of wood counterp
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Thermal processing of wood and the
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Thermal processing of wood and Miet
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5 Aims and significance Despite the
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6 Materials and methods Two types o
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Materials and methods heat energy f
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Materials and methods with the untr
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Materials and methods 6.2.1 Tensile
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Materials and methods 6.3 WATER ABS
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Materials and methods The emissions
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Materials and methods where Evoc is
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Taneli Väisänen: Effects of Therm
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9 Summary and conclusions In the pr
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Bibliography Abdolvahaba E, Lashgar
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Bibliography Ayrilmis N, Jarusombut
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Bibliography Cernansky R. State-of-
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Bibliography polypropylene composit
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Bibliography with odor assessments
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Bibliography La Mantia FP, Morreale
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Bibliography Mohan D, Pittman CU, a
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Bibliography Rinne J, Taipale R, Ma
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Bibliography Stark NM and Rowlands
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Bibliography Yeh S and Gupta RK. Im
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