Dissertations in Forestry and Natural Sciences

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Taneli Väisänen: Effects of Thermally Extracted Wood Distillates on the Characteristics of Wood-Plastic Composites emission rates were expected to increase due to incorporation of these types of distillates. 22 Dissertations in Forestry and Natural Sciences No 222
2 Wood-plastic composites By definition, composite materials are formed by combining two or more constituent materials that have substantially different chemical or physical properties (Callister 2005). As a result, the individual components remain distinct within the finished material, and thus composites can possess properties that cannot be achieved with the individual constituent materials. Composites can be classified into particle-reinforced, fiber-reinforced, and structural composites. There are many well known composite materials, e.g., metal and ceramic composites, cements, concrete, and reinforced plastics. In materials science, a fiber is commonly defined as a substance that has been drawn into a long and thin filament, i.e., the aspect ratio, which is defined as the ratio of fiber length to diameter, is at least 100 (Callister 2005). However, the term fiber may also refer to the spindle-shaped cells within the wood material (Clemons 2008), and in the case of natural fiberpolymer composites, fiber can be defined as an object with an aspect ratio greater than one (e.g. Stokke et al. 2014). Thus, from the viewpoint of materials science, some WPCs can be classified as particle-reinforced composites although they are commonly referred to as fiber-reinforced composites. In this thesis, the definition of a fiber is adopted from the terminology used for natural fiber-polymer composites. WPCs are fiber-reinforced composites produced by mixing wood components and molten thermoplastics. In a WPC, a polymer forms a continuous matrix that surrounds the reinforcing wood components. The low price and high stiffness of wood makes it an attractive reinforcement for the commodity plastics. Since the processability of WPCs is similar to the plastic, there are several appropriate manufacturing technologies available for WPCs. Although the majority of WPC products are extruded, injection and compression molding are Dissertations in Forestry and Natural Sciences No 222 23
Page 1: PUBLICATIONS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF E
Page 4 and 5: Grano Oy Jyväskylä, 2016 Editors:
Page 7 and 8: ABSTRACT The use of raw materials d
Page 9: Universal Decimal Classification: 6
Page 12 and 13: Finally, I am grateful to my wife A
Page 14 and 15: TD-GC-FID/MS Thermal desorption/gas
Page 17 and 18: LIST OF ORIGINAL PUBLICATIONS This
Page 19 and 20: Contents 1 Introduction ...........
Page 21 and 22: 1 Introduction The finiteness of cr
Page 23: Introduction A new and environmenta
Page 27 and 28: Wood-plastic composites additives u
Page 29 and 30: Wood-plastic composites Cellulose i
Page 31 and 32: Wood-plastic composites The propert
Page 33 and 34: Wood-plastic composites Figure 3. T
Page 35 and 36: Wood-plastic composites of lubrican
Page 37 and 38: Wood-plastic composites roughness a
Page 39 and 40: Wood-plastic composites Hosseinaei
Page 41 and 42: Wood-plastic composites the accessi
Page 43 and 44: Wood-plastic composites However, WP
Page 45 and 46: Wood-plastic composites A typical s
Page 47 and 48: Wood-plastic composites to fill the
Page 49: Wood-plastic composites absorption.
Page 52 and 53: Taneli Väisänen: Effects of Therm
Page 63 and 64: 4 Thermal processing of wood Therma
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Page 67 and 68: Thermal processing of wood counterp
Page 69 and 70: Thermal processing of wood and the
Page 71 and 72: Thermal processing of wood and Miet
Page 73 and 74: 5 Aims and significance Despite the
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6 Materials and methods Two types o
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Materials and methods heat energy f
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Materials and methods with the untr
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Materials and methods 6.2.1 Tensile
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Materials and methods 6.3 WATER ABS
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Materials and methods The emissions
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Materials and methods where Evoc is
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Taneli Väisänen: Effects of Therm
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9 Summary and conclusions In the pr
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Bibliography Abdolvahaba E, Lashgar
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Bibliography Ayrilmis N, Jarusombut
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Bibliography Cernansky R. State-of-
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Bibliography polypropylene composit
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Bibliography with odor assessments
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Bibliography La Mantia FP, Morreale
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Bibliography Mohan D, Pittman CU, a
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Bibliography Rinne J, Taipale R, Ma
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Bibliography Stark NM and Rowlands
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Bibliography Yeh S and Gupta RK. Im
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