Dissertations in Forestry and Natural Sciences

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Taneli Väisänen: Effects of Thermally Extracted Wood Distillates on the Characteristics of Wood-Plastic Composites less the same after 48 hours even though there was an increase in the values for all the materials. After 48 hours of immersion, LG containing 8 wt% of hardwood distillate had absorbed approximately 20% less water than unmodified LG. Accordingly, the difference between the unmodified LG and LG with 1 wt% of hardwood distillate was about 10%. The addition of softwood distillate did not decrease water absorption of the WPCs to the same extent as hardwood distillate even though water absorption decreased as a function of the distillate content (Figure 14). The difference between water absorption of LG and LG + SWD20 was approximately 16% whereas no difference was observed between LG and LG with 1 wt% of distillate. Study IV also shows that the difference in the water absorption values between LG and distillate-treated LGs decreased after 48 hours of immersion. The WPCs containing softwood distillate absorbed more water between 24 and 48 hours of immersion than those containing hardwood distillate. 0.55 0.5 HWD, 24h SWD, 24h HWD, 48h SWD, 48h Moisture content (wt%) 0.45 0.4 0.35 0.3 0.25 0 5 10 15 20 Distillate content (wt%) Figure 14. Moisture content of the WPCs after 24 and 48 hours of water immersion in studies III and IV. HWD = hardwood distillate, and SWD = softwood distillate. 90 Dissertations in Forestry and Natural Sciences No 222
Results 7.3 VOC EMISSIONS The VOC emission rates of a WPC deck determined in study II are presented in Figures 15 and 16. The compounds of interest were formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acetic acid, cyclohexene, furan, furfural, guaiacol, and monoterpenes. Decreasing trends of the emission rates were observed for acetaldehyde, furfural, and monoterpenes. Additionally, a minor decline was observed in the guaiacol emission rates. Formaldehyde and furan emission rates remained relatively stable during the experiment, but acetic acid emission rates fluctuated, especially at the beginning of the trial. During the first 13 days of the experiment, cyclohexene emission rates remained relatively stable. However, starting from the day 16, the emission rates of cyclohexene nearly tripled compared with the values observed during the first 13 days. The VOC emission rates of the seven different WPC decks determined in study II are presented in Figures 17 and 18. One of the decks (LunaComp 3) was also used in the 41-day trial. 1.8 1.6 1.4 Emission rate (g/kgh) 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 Formaldehyde Acetaldehyde Acetic acid Cyclohexene Days: 1 3 6 10 13 16 21 24 28 34 41 Figure 15. The emission rates of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acetic acid, and cyclohexene from a WPC deck during a 41-day period. Dissertations in Forestry and Natural Sciences No 222 91
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PUBLICATIONS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF E
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Grano Oy Jyväskylä, 2016 Editors:
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ABSTRACT The use of raw materials d
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Universal Decimal Classification: 6
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Finally, I am grateful to my wife A
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TD-GC-FID/MS Thermal desorption/gas
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LIST OF ORIGINAL PUBLICATIONS This
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Contents 1 Introduction ...........
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1 Introduction The finiteness of cr
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Introduction A new and environmenta
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2 Wood-plastic composites By defini
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Wood-plastic composites additives u
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Wood-plastic composites Cellulose i
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Wood-plastic composites The propert
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Wood-plastic composites Figure 3. T
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Wood-plastic composites of lubrican
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Wood-plastic composites roughness a
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Wood-plastic composites Hosseinaei
Page 41 and 42: Wood-plastic composites the accessi
Page 43 and 44: Wood-plastic composites However, WP
Page 45 and 46: Wood-plastic composites A typical s
Page 47 and 48: Wood-plastic composites to fill the
Page 49: Wood-plastic composites absorption.
Page 52 and 53: Taneli Väisänen: Effects of Therm
Page 63 and 64: 4 Thermal processing of wood Therma
Page 65 and 66: Thermal processing of wood Figure 9
Page 67 and 68: Thermal processing of wood counterp
Page 69 and 70: Thermal processing of wood and the
Page 71 and 72: Thermal processing of wood and Miet
Page 73 and 74: 5 Aims and significance Despite the
Page 75 and 76: 6 Materials and methods Two types o
Page 77 and 78: Materials and methods heat energy f
Page 79 and 80: Materials and methods with the untr
Page 81 and 82: Materials and methods 6.2.1 Tensile
Page 83 and 84: Materials and methods 6.3 WATER ABS
Page 85 and 86: Materials and methods The emissions
Page 87: Materials and methods where Evoc is
Page 115 and 116: 9 Summary and conclusions In the pr
Page 117 and 118: Bibliography Abdolvahaba E, Lashgar
Page 119 and 120: Bibliography Ayrilmis N, Jarusombut
Page 121 and 122: Bibliography Cernansky R. State-of-
Page 123 and 124: Bibliography polypropylene composit
Page 125 and 126: Bibliography with odor assessments
Page 127 and 128: Bibliography La Mantia FP, Morreale
Page 129 and 130: Bibliography Mohan D, Pittman CU, a
Page 131 and 132: Bibliography Rinne J, Taipale R, Ma
Page 133 and 134: Bibliography Stark NM and Rowlands
Page 135: Bibliography Yeh S and Gupta RK. Im
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