Dissertations in Forestry and Natural Sciences

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Taneli Väisänen: Effects of Thermally Extracted Wood Distillates on the Characteristics of Wood-Plastic Composites Table 3. Some of the parameters used in injection molding. Parameter Value Heater temperature (°C) Mold temperature (°C) Heater 1 Heater 2 Heater 3 Heater 4 Nozzle 100–150 140–165 165–175 180 185–195 Fixed Movable 50–75 50–75 Cooling time (s) 20–35 Holding pressure (MPa) 350–800 Holding time (s) 15.0 Injection pressure (MPa) 80–100 In comparison with the specimens prepared from LG, the UF specimens were injection molded at higher heater and mold temperatures but at lower holding pressures. In general, the WPCs containing distillates required lower holding and injection pressures for injection molding. However, the addition of distillates resulted in smoother surfaces of the specimens, and thus, the specimens started to stick to the mold. Therefore, longer cooling times were used for the WPCs treated with distillates. At least 50 pairs of specimens were prepared from each material type, and the specimens were stored in plastic bags under laboratory conditions. 6.2 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES The mechanical properties of the WPCs were determined using the injection-molded specimens. The measurements were carried out within two weeks after the sample preparation, and the samples were conditioned and stored in the laboratory between the measurements. In studies I, III and IV, the tensile and flexural properties of the WPCs were characterized. Moreover, Charpy’s impact strengths were determined in studies III and IV. A total of ten specimens of each material type were examined in each test. 78 Dissertations in Forestry and Natural Sciences No 222
Materials and methods 6.2.1 Tensile and flexural properties Tensile strength, modulus, and strain of the WPCs were determined as specified in ISO 527-1. The measurements were conducted using an Instron 8874 dynamic mechanical tester (Instron Industrial Products, Grove City, Pennsylvania, United States) under laboratory conditions (Figure 11). The test speed was set to 5.0 mm/min. The system recorded strain, tensile modulus, and the force needed to break the sample. Thickness and width for each specimen were measured, and the crosssectional area was used to calculate the tensile strength as described in section 3.1.1. The flexural properties of the WPC samples were determined according to ISO 178. The measurements were carried out using an Instron 8874 dynamic mechanical tester (Figure 11). Ls was 64 mm and the speed of the loading edge was set to 2.0 mm/min. The system was tested with reference samples to verify the correct calibration prior the actual measurements. The system was set to stop the loading and the measurement when the specimen broke. During the measurements, the system recorded the force and the corresponding deflection of the specimen and provided a complete stress-strain curve. Figure 11. Instron 8874 dynamic mechanical tester used in studies I, III, and IV. Dissertations in Forestry and Natural Sciences No 222 79
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PUBLICATIONS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF E
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Grano Oy Jyväskylä, 2016 Editors:
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ABSTRACT The use of raw materials d
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Universal Decimal Classification: 6
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Finally, I am grateful to my wife A
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TD-GC-FID/MS Thermal desorption/gas
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LIST OF ORIGINAL PUBLICATIONS This
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Contents 1 Introduction ...........
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1 Introduction The finiteness of cr
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Introduction A new and environmenta
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2 Wood-plastic composites By defini
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Wood-plastic composites additives u
Page 29 and 30: Wood-plastic composites Cellulose i
Page 31 and 32: Wood-plastic composites The propert
Page 33 and 34: Wood-plastic composites Figure 3. T
Page 35 and 36: Wood-plastic composites of lubrican
Page 37 and 38: Wood-plastic composites roughness a
Page 39 and 40: Wood-plastic composites Hosseinaei
Page 41 and 42: Wood-plastic composites the accessi
Page 43 and 44: Wood-plastic composites However, WP
Page 45 and 46: Wood-plastic composites A typical s
Page 47 and 48: Wood-plastic composites to fill the
Page 49: Wood-plastic composites absorption.
Page 52 and 53: Taneli Väisänen: Effects of Therm
Page 63 and 64: 4 Thermal processing of wood Therma
Page 65 and 66: Thermal processing of wood Figure 9
Page 67 and 68: Thermal processing of wood counterp
Page 69 and 70: Thermal processing of wood and the
Page 71 and 72: Thermal processing of wood and Miet
Page 73 and 74: 5 Aims and significance Despite the
Page 75 and 76: 6 Materials and methods Two types o
Page 77 and 78: Materials and methods heat energy f
Page 79: Materials and methods with the untr
Page 83 and 84: Materials and methods 6.3 WATER ABS
Page 85 and 86: Materials and methods The emissions
Page 87: Materials and methods where Evoc is
Page 115 and 116: 9 Summary and conclusions In the pr
Page 117 and 118: Bibliography Abdolvahaba E, Lashgar
Page 119 and 120: Bibliography Ayrilmis N, Jarusombut
Page 121 and 122: Bibliography Cernansky R. State-of-
Page 123 and 124: Bibliography polypropylene composit
Page 125 and 126: Bibliography with odor assessments
Page 127 and 128: Bibliography La Mantia FP, Morreale
Page 129 and 130: Bibliography Mohan D, Pittman CU, a
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Bibliography Rinne J, Taipale R, Ma
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Bibliography Stark NM and Rowlands
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Bibliography Yeh S and Gupta RK. Im
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