Sustainability of European Irrigated Agriculture under Water Framework Directive and Agenda 2000
Sustainability of European Irrigated Agriculture under Water Framework Directive and Agenda 2000
Sustainability of European Irrigated Agriculture under Water Framework Directive and Agenda 2000
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2. DERIVATION AND DESCRIPTION OF IRRIGATION CASE STUDIES ................................................. 171<br />
3. RESULTS ............................................................................................................................................... 172<br />
3.1. Irrigation costs.................................................................................................................................. 172<br />
3.2. Observed <strong>and</strong> modelled results for irrigation farming systems......................................................... 172<br />
3.3. Irrigation farming systems: Impact <strong>of</strong> water restrictions ................................................................... 173<br />
3.3.1.- Specialist irrigated potato farms ............................................................................................ 173<br />
3.3.2.- Potato <strong>and</strong> vegetable farms .................................................................................................. 174<br />
3.3.3.- Potato <strong>and</strong> sugar beet farms ................................................................................................. 174<br />
3.3.4.- Large scale vegetable <strong>and</strong> horticultural farms....................................................................... 175<br />
3.3.5.- S<strong>of</strong>t fruit farms....................................................................................................................... 175<br />
3.4. Marginal value <strong>of</strong> irrigation water by farming system ....................................................................... 176<br />
3.5. Sensitivity analysis <strong>of</strong> water value by irrigation farming system....................................................... 177<br />
3.6. <strong>Sustainability</strong> <strong>of</strong> irrigation performance ............................................................................................ 177<br />
3.7. Impact <strong>of</strong> water pricing <strong>and</strong> regulation ............................................................................................. 178<br />
4. POLICY CHANGE AND FUTURE SCENARIOS..................................................................................... 181<br />
4.1. <strong>Water</strong> value...................................................................................................................................... 182<br />
4.2. <strong>Irrigated</strong> cropping by scenario.......................................................................................................... 182<br />
4.3. Indicators <strong>of</strong> performance by scenario ............................................................................................. 183<br />
4.4. Conclusions ..................................................................................................................................... 183<br />
5. NATIONAL AND REGIONAL ESTIMATES............................................................................................. 184<br />
5.1. Regional irrigated areas <strong>and</strong> water use ........................................................................................... 185<br />
5.2. Regional values for water................................................................................................................. 185<br />
5.3. Future trends in crop areas <strong>and</strong> water use....................................................................................... 186<br />
6. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ....................................................................................... 187<br />
6.1. Irrigation characteristics <strong>and</strong> sustainability....................................................................................... 187<br />
6.2. Impact <strong>of</strong> agricultural policy change................................................................................................. 188<br />
6.3. Impact <strong>of</strong> changes in water policy.................................................................................................... 189<br />
6.4. Recommendations ........................................................................................................................... 190<br />
Chapter 11: The case <strong>of</strong> Portugal ............................................................................................... 191<br />
1. BACKGROUND ...................................................................................................................................... 191<br />
2. CASE STUDY DESCRIPTION, CLUSTERS DEFINITION ..................................................................... 194<br />
2.1. Baixo Alentejo Region...................................................................................................................... 194<br />
2.2. Lezíria do Tejo Region..................................................................................................................... 196<br />
2.3. Baixo Mondego Region.................................................................................................................... 196<br />
3. METHODOLOGY.................................................................................................................................... 197<br />
4. WATER DEMAND AND WATER PRICING IMPACT ON AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS......................... 197<br />
4.1. Baixo Alentejo – Aggregated results ................................................................................................ 198<br />
4.1.1.- <strong>Water</strong> Dem<strong>and</strong> (m 3 /ha) ......................................................................................................... 198<br />
4.1.2.- Economic balance................................................................................................................. 199<br />
4.1.3.- Social impact......................................................................................................................... 200<br />
4.1.4.- Environmental impact............................................................................................................ 200<br />
4.2. Lezíria do Tejo – Aggregated results ............................................................................................... 201<br />
4.2.1.- <strong>Water</strong> dem<strong>and</strong> (m 3 /ha) .......................................................................................................... 201<br />
4.2.2.- Economic balance................................................................................................................. 201<br />
4.2.3.- Social impact......................................................................................................................... 202<br />
4.2.4.- Environmental impact............................................................................................................ 203<br />
4.3. Baixo Mondego – Aggregated results .............................................................................................. 203<br />
4.3.1.- <strong>Water</strong> dem<strong>and</strong> (m 3 /ha) .......................................................................................................... 203<br />
4.3.2.- Economic balance................................................................................................................. 204<br />
4.3.3.- Social impact......................................................................................................................... 205<br />
4.3.4.- Environmental impact............................................................................................................ 205<br />
5. RESULTS BY SCENARIO OF WATER DEMAND AND OTHER INDICATORS..................................... 205<br />
5.1. Baixo Alentejo – Agricultural policy scenarios.................................................................................. 205<br />
5.1.1.- <strong>Water</strong> dem<strong>and</strong> (m 3 /ha) .......................................................................................................... 205<br />
5.1.2.- Economic balance................................................................................................................. 206<br />
5.1.3.- Social impact......................................................................................................................... 207<br />
5.1.4.- Environmental impact............................................................................................................ 208<br />
5.2. Lezíria do Tejo – Agricultural policy scenarios................................................................................. 208<br />
5.2.1.- <strong>Water</strong> dem<strong>and</strong> (m 3 /ha) .......................................................................................................... 208
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