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4 The Afd2025 scenarios Box 12 A general trend, the “global cities” networks Global city, alpha city or world city are some of the names used to denote a city that plays a strategic role, organizes flows and is part of international networks. These global cities, not necessarily the most populated but the most influential, stand as the powerhouses of globalization. Foresighting for Development Development agencies, steering through future worlds. Afd2025 I A global city displays the following characteristics: (i) it is a command center for economic decision-making (headquarters of transnational firms, global economic governance institutions) and/or brings together the actors of globalization that organize the international division of labor; (ii) it concentrates training and research capabilities, contributes to innovation and constitutes a consumer market for innovative products; (iii) it concentrates transport and communication infrastructure, is highly accessible internationally; (iv) it polarizes all types of flows: goods, capital, information; and (v) it helps drive globalization and globalization helps shape its evolution (tertiarization, verticalization, gentrification, crowding-out and segregation)... The number and role of these global cities are constantly expanding. Although most cities with these characteristics are located in the West and Asia, other large cities have been emerging over recent years. In addition to global cities, many local governments (communities of municipalities, regions, provinces…) are also acting more and more on global issues. The size and clout of these local governments very often enable them to act independently of States, especially as they increasingly operate in partnerships or networks. For example, in 2014, three major city networks (ICLEI, UCLG and C40) launched the Compact of Mayors, which is the biggest concerted global initiative launched by cities to combat climate change. Of course, cities can only participate in international climate negotiations as observers (the COPs are inter-state negotiations), but their influence is constantly on the rise, as nearly 70% of greenhouse gases are emitted in urban areas. These global city networks can in fact serve as a link between global issues such as climate change and local actions. The fact that cities and other local authorities are in close proximity to their populations also means that they can drive the behavioral changes needed for more sustainable development pathways. Another illustration of this general trend is the introduction of sub-national carbon markets that do not require central government approval, such as California’s market in operation since 2013. 48
4 The Afd2025 scenarios ALIGNING ASPIRATIONS ALIGNING ASPIRATIONS Solutions to the equation between development for all and the limits of the physical world are being found. Recognition that the issues are interdependent and that managing them requires concerted global action pushes many States and local governments but also the private sector in both the Global North and Global South to radically reform their strategies and practices. New political partnerships, fostered by hyper-connectivity and innovation, successfully align the aspirations of the many stakeholders regarding environmental questions and the need for inclusive development. In a world increasingly aware of its natural limits and the need for integration, more sustainable pathways and new forms of prosperity emerge – even though they remain fragile – fostering broader access to a universal notion of dignity. Development agencies, steering through future worlds. Afd2025 I Foresighting for Development 49
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