Economic Freedom of the World

104 • Economic Freedom of the World: 2016 Annual Report
Kazakhstan
1980 1990 2000 2005 2010 2013 2014
Rating (Rank) Rating (Rank) Rating (Rank) Rating (Rank) Rating (Rank) Rating (Rank) Rating (Rank)
Summary Ratings (Rank) 6.88 (70) 6.96 (73) 7.25 (55) 7.35 (52)
Rating (Data) Rating (Data) Rating (Data) Rating (Data) Rating (Data) Rating (Data) Rating (Data)
Area 1. Size of Government 8.16 7.84 7.61 7.49
A. Government consumption 6.39 (18.27) 6.48 (17.97) 6.79 (16.90) 6.32 (18.50)
B. Transfers and subsidies 8.76 (5.06) 8.89 (4.59) 8.65 (5.45) 8.65 (5.45)
C. Government enterprises and investment 8.00 (16.34) 7.00 (20.85) 6.00 (27.30) 6.00 (27.30)
D. Top marginal tax rate 9.50 9.00 9.00 9.00
(i) Top marginal income tax rate 10.00 (20) 10.00 (10) 10.00 (10) 10.00 (10)
(ii) Top marginal income and payroll tax rate 9.00 (25) 8.00 (30) 8.00 (30) 8.00 (30)
Area 2. Legal System and Property Rights 5.71 5.66 6.11 6.30
A. Judicial independence 2.89 2.90 4.06 4.62
B. Impartial courts 4.13 3.76 4.41 4.81
C. Protection of property rights 4.89 4.29 5.19 5.39
D. Military interference in rule of law and politics 8.33 8.33 8.33 8.33
E. Integrity of the legal system 6.67 6.67 5.83 5.83
F. Legal enforcement of contracts 6.19 6.19 6.34 6.34
G. Regulatory costs of the sale of real property 8.62 9.21 9.76 9.88
H. Reliability of police 4.56 3.84 4.69 4.69
I. Business costs of crime 5.11 5.77 6.34 6.78
Area 3. Sound Money 6.85 8.24 8.97 8.98
A. Money growth 5.86 (20.71) 7.20 (13.99) 9.86 (0.69) 9.95 (-0.23)
B. Standard deviation of inflation 8.07 (4.82) 7.20 (7.00) 7.20 (6.99) 7.32 (6.70)
C. Inflation: most recent year 8.48 (7.58) 8.58 (7.12) 8.83 (5.84) 8.66 (6.72)
D. Freedom to own foreign currency bank accounts 5.00 10.00 10.00 10.00
Area 4. Freedom to Trade Internationally 6.12 5.57 5.65 6.04
A. Tariffs 9.49 6.70 6.43 6.51
(i) Revenue from trade taxes (% of trade sector) 9.43 (0.85) 6.46 (5.31) 4.97 (7.55) 4.97 (7.55)
(ii) Mean tariff rate 9.54 (2.30) 8.16 (9.20) 8.18 (9.10) 8.28 (8.60)
(iii) Standard deviation of tariff rates 5.47 (11.32) 6.14 (9.65) 6.28 (9.29)
B. Regulatory trade barriers 2.42 3.04 3.25 4.71
(i) Non-tariff trade barriers 4.59 4.94 5.68 4.54
(ii) Compliance cost of importing and exporting 0.25 1.13 0.82 4.88
C. Black-market exchange rates 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00
D. Controls of the movement of capital and people 2.56 2.56 2.94 2.94
(i) Foreign ownership/investment restrictions 6.14 5.38 5.26 5.25
(ii) Capital controls 1.54 2.31 2.31 2.31
(iii) Freedom of foreigners to visit 0.00 0.00 1.26 1.26
Area 5. Regulation 7.57 7.46 7.89 7.94
A. Credit Market regulations 10.00 8.92 9.33 9.33
(i) Ownership of banks 10.00 8.00 8.00 8.00
(ii) Private sector credit 10.00 8.76 10.00 10.00
(iii) Interest rate controls (negative real interest rates) 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00
B. Labor Market regulations 7.35 7.08 7.63 7.72
(i) Hiring regulations and minimum wage 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00
(ii) Hiring and firing regulations 7.61 5.70 5.72 6.68
(iii) Centralized collective bargaining 8.34 7.53 7.83 7.39
(iv) Hours regulations 8.00 10.00 10.00 10.00
(v) Mandated cost of worker dismissal 9.17 9.25 9.25 9.26
(vi) Conscription 1.00 0.00 3.00 3.00
C. Business regulations 5.37 6.37 6.71 6.76
(i) Administrative requirements 3.40 3.85 4.23 4.46
(ii) Bureaucracy costs 4.23 5.62 5.62 5.62
(iii) Starting a business 9.18 9.38 9.67 9.84
(iv) Extra payments/bribes/favoritism 5.54 3.81 4.49 4.32
(v) Licensing restrictions 2.90 7.67 8.37 8.41
(vi) Cost of tax compliance 6.96 7.89 7.89 7.89
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