All About - History - Hitler Versus Stain
All About History offers a energizing and entertaining alternative to the academic style of existing titles. The key focus of All About History is to tell the wonderful, fascinating and engrossing stories that make up the world’s history.
All About History offers a energizing and entertaining alternative to the academic style of existing titles. The key focus of All About History is to tell the wonderful, fascinating and engrossing stories that make up the world’s history.
Create successful ePaper yourself
Turn your PDF publications into a flip-book with our unique Google optimized e-Paper software.
1066<br />
MOTTE-AND-BAILEY<br />
CASTLES BUILT IN BRITAIN<br />
Similar in design to<br />
Romanforts–only<br />
more formidable<br />
looking – these<br />
consistoftwo<br />
parts: the motte (a<br />
raisedmoundwitha<br />
fortified tower) and<br />
a bailey (a courtyard<br />
encircled by a ditch).<br />
CANNON ENDS THE<br />
CLASSIC AGE OF CASTLES<br />
With the invention of gunpowder, castles<br />
become increasingly more vulnerable to their<br />
explosive potential. Star forts are a response to<br />
this, combining lower walls with deeper ditches<br />
in a star shape.<br />
15 TH CENTURY<br />
Originating<br />
in Italy, by the<br />
18th century star<br />
forts existed in France,<br />
Germany, Croatia,<br />
Hungary and<br />
Japan.<br />
1070<br />
THE FIRST STONE KEEPS<br />
To combat the motte-and-bailey castles’<br />
vulnerability to siege weapons (most notably<br />
fire), they become better<br />
protected, with<br />
the motte being<br />
replaced by a<br />
stone keep,<br />
which in turn is<br />
then protected<br />
by a thick<br />
stone wall.<br />
EUROPEAN<br />
COLONIALISM SPREADS<br />
CASTLESTOAFRICA<br />
534 YEARS<br />
The age of Elmina Castle – the oldest European<br />
building below the Sahara<br />
1814<br />
The<br />
4<br />
The<br />
1482<br />
year the castle stopped<br />
playing host to the slave trade –<br />
its primary purpose at this point<br />
number of nations that have<br />
owned the castle (Portugal,<br />
Netherlands, Britain and now Ghana)<br />
13 TH CENTURY<br />
12 TH CENTURY<br />
CATHAR CASTLES<br />
DEVELOPED<br />
Named to denote the Christian ‘Cathars’ and<br />
located primarily in the Languedoc<br />
region in southern France, Cathar<br />
castles are intended as safe<br />
havens, and are thus<br />
constructed high up<br />
on mountaintops.<br />
Montségur<br />
castle in France<br />
was the last remaining<br />
Cathar stronghold, and<br />
finally fell after ten<br />
months of siege in<br />
1244.<br />
CONCENTRIC<br />
CASTLES TAKE SHAPE<br />
Continuing the progressive evolution of castle<br />
defences, even more walls are added to later<br />
examples. The further away from the castle, the<br />
lower the walls are (to allow for archers), and a<br />
moat often encircles it.<br />
VITAL TO WORLD WAR II<br />
During World War II, in which any space is valued, some<br />
castlesbecomekeyareasofoperation.Forexample,<br />
Dover Castle serves as an air-raid shelter, a military<br />
command centre and an underground hospital.<br />
KEEPINGPEOPLEIN<br />
AS WELL AS OUT<br />
Some structures also find use as prisons.<br />
Oneofthemostevocativeexamples<br />
is Colditz in Germany, which becomes<br />
renowned for the many escape attempts<br />
made by POWs within its walls.<br />
SOURCES OF<br />
ENTERTAINMENT<br />
Today, castles<br />
have become<br />
symbols of<br />
entertainment.<br />
Take Disney’s<br />
Sleeping Beauty<br />
Taking<br />
castles, which<br />
inspiration from<br />
are hosted<br />
Neuschwanstein Castle<br />
across its various<br />
in Germany, the first<br />
Disney castle was<br />
resorts, or Harry<br />
built in 1955. Potter’s Hogwarts (replicated in<br />
Orlando, Florida), for examples.<br />
1939-45<br />
1939-45<br />
20 TH -21 ST CENTURY<br />
15
Change language