Model-Driven Evolution of Software Architectures - Software and ...

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146 Chapter7. Model-DrivenMigration Applicationofthestereotypestosourcemodelsrequiresdomainknowledgetorecognisethesubsystemusageconcern. Thisbecomesapparent whenreconsideringFigure7.8onpage149. Here, WAIT_FOR_WSisastate inwhichthesystemwaitsforasubsystemtobecomeavailable. Thisis intuitivelydifferentfromthe WAIT_WAFER_MEASUREDstatesinFigure7.7on page148,wheretheintentionistospecifythatthesystemwaitsforamanufacturingactivitytobecompleted.The ≪wait≫stereotypeisonlyapplied totheformerstate. Fornormalisationofsourcemodelswerequirethatresourceusagepatternsaremadecomplete. InFigure7.6onpage142,forinstance,onlya releaseactionisspecifiedfor WS.InListing7.1onpage144C1,C2,andC3 arerelatedtothesubsystemusagepattern. C1specifiesthata≪release≫ ActiononlyoccursasastateexitAction. C2statesthatatleastoneofthe outgoingTransitionsfora≪wait≫Stateistriggeredbyan ≪available≫ Event.Finally,toconformtoconstraintC3,allActionsrelatedtomanufacturingactivitiesaremovedtoStatesasentryActions.Anexampleofthisis the report done(entry)ActioninFigure7.6onpage142thatwasnormalised toanexitAction(Figure7.8onpage149). Synchronousexecution Synchronisationbetweensubsequentmanufacturing activitiesinthesourcemodelsissimplyachievedbytheirorderinthestate machine. Furthermore,synchronisationbetweensubsystemstatetransitionsisnotmodelledatthislevel. Assuch,nospecificidiomisusedto specifythisconcern. Ingeneral,however,wehavetotakethisconcern intoaccountwhilenormalisingthepatternsassociatedwithotherconcerns. Whileinsertingandmovingactivitieswehavetomakesurethatwedonot changetheirorderinthenormalisedsourcemodel. Concurrentexecution Intheoriginalsourcemodels,concurrencywasoften modelledusingStates,includingActionsthatstarttwoormoremanufacturingactivitiesandseparatetransitionpathsforallpossiblecompletion sequences,whichareenabledby(external)completionEvents. Asanexample,considerstate MEASURE_AND_PREPAREandassociatedcompletionsevents preparedand measuredinFigure7.5onpage141.Becausethoseeventscan onlybeassociatedwiththeircorrespondingmanufacturingactivitiesusing namingconventions,suchanapproachcomplicatesthedeterminationof thescopeofconcurrentexecution.Therefore,werequirethatconcurrency ismodelledusingaconcurrentCompositeStatecontaining(orthogonal)regions. Thisimpliesthatduringnormalisation,manufacturingactivities aremappedtoCompositeStateswhentheyarestartedinasingleState nodeandalternativecompletionsequencesarespecifiedexhaustively.Figure7.8onpage149containsanexampleofconcurrentexecution,where
7.7. TargetMetamodel 147 tworesourceusagepatternsareexecutedinparallel. Conditionalexecution Theidiomforconditionalexecutionismorecomplicated. First,werequireittobespecifiedusingachoicePseudostatewith twooutgoingTransitions. OnespecifiessomeconditionasaGuard;the otherspecifies [else]asaGuard.Furthermore,werequire‘proper’nesting ofconditionalactivationpathsinastatemachine.Thismeansthatwerequirepairsofcorresponding,alternativepathsthroughthestatemachinetobemergedoneatatime(usingjunctionPseudostates),andinreverseorder.Figure7.7onthefollowingpagecontainsseveral(nested)examplesof thispattern(choiceandjunctionPseudostatesaredepictedusingdiamonds andthesmallerblackcircles,respectively). Withoutthisrequirementforpropernesting,findingthesetofStates, andthusActions,whichareenabledwhensomeGuardevaluatestotrue wouldbecomerathercomplicated. Forthetransformationofoursource modelstotargetmodels,findingthissetofstatesisanecessarystep.‘Nonproper’nestingoccurs,forinstance,inthebottom-halfoftheprocesswafer requestinFigure7.5onpage141. Thisresultsinreplicationoftheactivitiesperformedoneachpathduringnormalisation.ThethreeCompositeStatesinthebottom-halfofFigure7.7onthefollowingpageillustrate thisreplication. Partofthisparticularnormalisationstepiscoveredby constraint C4,whichstatesthatapaththroughastatemachinecanonly splitintwopathsandthatnomorethantwopathscanbejoinedinasingle statenode.BecausetheOCLconstrainttoexpresspropernestingisrather lengthy,wedidnotincludeithere. 7.7 TargetMetamodel Weconsider TRSasthegivenparadigmfortheend-pointofthemigration.Thisend-pointisbasedonaresearchprototype[VandenNieuwelaar, 2004]. Usingthe TRSparadigm,amanufacturingrequestistranslated intovalidmachinebehaviourintwophases.First,uponarrivalofamanufacturingrequest,aschedulingprobleminthecontextofthatrequestis instantiatedduringaplanningphase.Forthis,therequestisinterpreted throughrulesthatoperateoncapabilities(resourcetypes)andbehaviours (tasktypes). Here,amanufacturingactivitycorrespondstoataskanda mechatronicsubsystemtoaresource. Thefirstphaseresultsinahierarchicaldigraphthatconsistsoftasksandtheir(precedence)relations.Nodes inthisgraphcanbecompositetoeitherdenoteasetoftasksthatallneed tobeexecutedortodenoteasetoftasksofwhichonlyonewillbeexecutedbasedonsomecondition.Second,aschedulingphaseconstructively assignstasksinthisdigraphtospecificresourcesovertime[Viennot,1986;
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Model-DrivenEvolution ofSoftwareArc
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vi Preface Furthermore,Iwanttomenti
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xii ListofFigures 5.7 Examplescenar
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xiv ABBREVIATIONS MDA ModelDrivenAr
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2 Chapter1. Introduction Figure 1.1
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2.3. Model-DrivenEngineering 33 con
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2.3. Model-DrivenEngineering 37 tin
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42 Chapter3. StateofthePractice toc
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44 Chapter3. StateofthePractice Tab
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46 Chapter3. StateofthePractice Fig
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52 Chapter3. StateofthePractice IBM
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58 Chapter4. Evaluation Onestrategy
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76 Chapter4. Evaluation 4.7 Conclus
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78 Chapter5. Model-DrivenConformanc
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Page 145 and 146: 7.1. Introduction 131 viewisitsprim
Page 147 and 148: 7.3. MigrationContext 133 requests
Page 149 and 150: 7.3. MigrationContext 135 waferhasb
Page 151 and 152: 7.4. Model-DrivenMigration 137 Sour
Page 153 and 154: 7.5. SourceMetamodel 139 0..1 0..1
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Page 165 and 166: 7.8. Transformation 151 + capabilit
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Page 175 and 176: 7.9. Evaluation 161 resentedbythesu
Page 177 and 178: 7.9. Evaluation 163 morecomplicated
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Page 183 and 184: 8.2. Background 169 Inpractice,thee
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206 BIBLIOGRAPHY Bass,Len,PaulCleme
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208 BIBLIOGRAPHY Clements,PaulandLi
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210 BIBLIOGRAPHY Favre,Jean-Marie.
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212 BIBLIOGRAPHY Graaf,Bas,Hylkevan
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214 BIBLIOGRAPHY Klein, Mark H., Ri
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216 BIBLIOGRAPHY Proceedingsofthe6
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218 BIBLIOGRAPHY Shaw,Mary,RobertDe
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220 BIBLIOGRAPHY VanOmmering,Rob,Fr
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222 Summary ellingandtheimportanceo
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Samenvatting Tweebekendewettenindes
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Samenvatting 227 Inmeerderehoofdstu
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TitlesintheIPADissertationSeriessin
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L.Cruz-Filipe. ConstructiveReal Ana
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Sciences, Mathematics, andComputerS
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Processes. Faculty of Electrical En
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