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Bryan Sykes; Gokstad Ship, Viking Ship Museum, Oslo, c. AD 850–900: © Richard T. Nowitz/Corbis; Jarl squad, Lerwick, Shetland Isles, January 2000: © Reuters/Corbis; woman on Lewis: courtesy Bryan Sykes. Neolithic cromlech, Carreg Sampson, Pembrokeshire: Collections/Simon McBride; Roman barracks and latrines, Caerleon, Gwent, 1st century AD: Collections/Robert Estall; Offa’s Dyke near Knighton, Radnor, late 8th century AD: © Homer Sykes/Corbis; obverse of silver coin of Offa, AD 757–796: Ancient Art & Architecture Collection; aerial view of Pembroke Castle, late 12th to 13th century: © Jason Hawkes/Corbis; young Welsh fan, Canberra Stadium, Rugby World Cup, 2003: Gareth Copley/PA/Empics. Burial chamber, Newgrange, County Meath, 3200 BC: Mike Bunn/Irish Image Collection; Mizzen Head, County Cork: Collections/Brian Shuel; Mound of the Hostages, Hill of Tara, County Meath, c. 2000 BC: George Munday/Irish Image Collection; the Broighter ship, gold, 1st century BC, found at Broighter, County Derry: Werner Forman Archive/National Museum of Ireland; Cú Chulainn: Collections/Robert Bird; spectators at the St Patrick’s Day Parade, New York, 2006: © Justin Lane/epa/Corbis. Wales Millennium Centre, Cardiff: © Photolibrary Wales; pupils at Moy School, Lahinch, County Clare: © Stephanie Maze/Corbis.
Page 2 and 3: About the Book When the first Roman
Page 4 and 5: Also by Bryan Sykes THE SEVEN DAUGH
Page 6 and 7: This eBook is copyright material an
Page 8 and 9: To my son Richard, companion on ver
Page 10 and 11: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The research that
Page 15 and 16: PROLOGUE This is the very first boo
Page 17 and 18: 1 TWELVE THOUSAND YEARS OF SOLITUDE
Page 19 and 20: islands, from Hawaii in the north t
Page 21 and 22: Cave just above the rocky shoreline
Page 23 and 24: great ice sheets that covered the n
Page 25 and 26: 2 WHO DO WE THINK WE ARE? On Easter
Page 27 and 28: Albion, a son of the sea-god Poseid
Page 29 and 30: to Wales and take possession of Eng
Page 31 and 32: murder in France when he was sixtee
Page 33 and 34: historians needed a hero to replace
Page 35 and 36: with inherited qualities of honour
Page 37 and 38: 3 THE RESURGENT CELTS As I write, t
Page 39 and 40: terms Celt and Gaul were pretty muc
Page 41 and 42: story in the Highlands, though nowh
Page 43 and 44: And it is the case that in ‘New A
Page 45 and 46: 4 THE SKULL SNATCHERS The first for
Page 47 and 48: Pike not only rejected the concept
Page 49 and 50: hair and eye colour. Beddoe’s med
Page 51 and 52: themselves are delightfully annotat
Page 53 and 54: He assumes the Norwegian element ca
Page 55 and 56: 5 THE BLOOD BANKERS If you have eve
Page 57 and 58: accumulate blood-group records from
Page 59 and 60: shared a recent common ancestry. Ho
Page 61 and 62: 5-10 per cent higher than in the su
Page 63 and 64:
sequence of the coloured beads on t
Page 65 and 66:
its mitochondria are not only vastl
Page 67 and 68:
metabolism, which is the prime func
Page 69 and 70:
20,000 years, then Velda and Tara b
Page 71 and 72:
7 THE NATURE OF THE EVIDENCE The co
Page 73 and 74:
chimney. This is how I got to know
Page 75 and 76:
What did the pile of gene-coins loo
Page 77 and 78:
two most polarised political opposi
Page 79 and 80:
is that this is the Y-chromosome of
Page 81 and 82:
and to their preservation in writte
Page 83 and 84:
Baleful Eye, he is fostered as a ch
Page 85 and 86:
occupation of northern Europe, this
Page 87 and 88:
hunter-gathering was gradual and pi
Page 89 and 90:
9 THE DNA OF IRELAND A good reason
Page 91 and 92:
misunderstanding (if there can be s
Page 93 and 94:
third-generation sequence nearby. I
Page 95 and 96:
them to one side and begin to distr
Page 97 and 98:
chromosomes. Nevertheless, we have
Page 99 and 100:
machair, a thin strip of meadows an
Page 101 and 102:
from the early stages. Part of the
Page 103 and 104:
Celtic hero we will hear more about
Page 105 and 106:
The material remains of the Picts a
Page 107 and 108:
lose it again. Eventually the Gaels
Page 109 and 110:
Unlike the rest of Scotland, where
Page 111 and 112:
would be the place to look. Recalli
Page 113 and 114:
Orkney and Shetland were superficia
Page 115 and 116:
each donor arrives, they wait to be
Page 117 and 118:
plenty that didn’t. This was a pu
Page 119 and 120:
Argyll vs Pictland scored 60, the s
Page 121 and 122:
esponsible for the unusual genetics
Page 123 and 124:
identify a Norse Viking genetic pre
Page 125 and 126:
Cader Idris. Our only knowledge of
Page 127 and 128:
disputed land frontier became a bat
Page 129 and 130:
who became Edward II, was invested
Page 131 and 132:
discomfort involved, to take the te
Page 133 and 134:
Neanderthal mDNA. When I looked at
Page 135 and 136:
15 ENGLAND As we cross the long-dis
Page 137 and 138:
from other classical writers like E
Page 139 and 140:
Roman advance at the Medway, the Br
Page 141 and 142:
deadly rivalries and murderous cons
Page 143 and 144:
As to their appearance, Gildas writ
Page 145 and 146:
And in his days came first three sh
Page 147 and 148:
deflect this ambition of Godwine, a
Page 149 and 150:
long as we know. Where did you come
Page 151 and 152:
difficult to extract for Y-chromoso
Page 153 and 154:
18 THE BLOOD OF THE ISLES You have
Page 155 and 156:
and even inland to the Grampian reg
Page 157 and 158:
onwards, and certainly during the f
Page 159:
APPENDIX Within this appendix I hav
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