Tajwid - Beautifying the Quran

11 When the tongue tip touches the gum-line of the upper front
two teeth. Care should be taken that the tongue should remain as close
to the teeth as possible (this differentiates the letters from their English
counterparts which are from the alveolar ridge). The letters which
come from this Makhraj are, ( ) ^\, ( ) D\l, and ( ) T\.
Lithawiyyah - When the tongue tip touches the inside biting edge of
the front two teeth, it becomes a Makhraj for three letters. These letters
are the Lithawiyyah letters. Lithawiyyah means of the gums, due to
these letters being pronounced from close to the gums.
12 When the tongue tip touches the inside edge of the upper front
two teeth. The contact involved is quite light and the sound made is
continuing. The three letters which are from this Makhraj are, ( ) >\,
( ) Dh\l, and ( ) Th\.
%af|riyyah - When the tip of the tongue touches the lower front two
teeth and also skims the upper front two teeth, it becomes the Makhraj
for three letters. These letters are called the %af|riyyah letters.
%af|riyyah means to whistle and it describes the sound made.
13 When the tip of the tongue touches the lower two front teeth
and lightly touches the edge of the upper two front teeth. The three
letters from this Makhraj are, ( ) S|n, ( ) %\d, and ( ) Z\.
Letters from the Lips
Shafawiyyah - When the lips are used in the pronunciation of a letter
they provide two Makh\rij for four letters. These letters are known as
the Shafawiyyah letters. Shafawiyyah means of the lips. One Makhraj
involves the use of the teeth (this in English is called labiodental - labio
19