Tajwid - Beautifying the Quran

the sound pitch is raised. There are 19 letters of Jahr (the remainder,
which are not of Hams):
2 Rikhwah and its opposite Shiddah
(Tawassu{ is a quality which is in between the two)
Rikhwah - Is the continuing (or fricative) manner of the sound of the
letter in its Makhraj regardless of the continuation of breath. There are
16 letters of Rikhwah.
Shiddah - Is the abrupt (or plosive) stopping of the sound of a letter at
its Makhraj. This is regardless of whether or not there is a pause in
breath. There are eight letters of Shiddah.
Tawassu{ - Is when the sound due to the nature of the letter stops but
not completely, while at the same time the sound in a limited manner
continues in its Makhraj. There are five Tawassu{ letters.
3 Isti`l\’ and its opposite Istif\l
Isti`l\’ - Is the rising of the rear part of the tongue towards the soft
palate (not necessarily touching it). These letters are pronounced in a
manner called full-mouthed (or velarized). In this manner the sound is
transferred to the back of the mouth. In English only the letter “l” is
accepted as velarized, an example of this is the “upper class”
pronunciation of the word “Lord”. There are 7 letters of Isti`l\’.
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