Remediation of PAH-Contaminated Soils and Sediments: A ...

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Table 7. Range of adsorption spectra for selected PAHs (Dabestani and Ivanov, 1999). Compound Adsorption Spectra Range (λ) Acenaphthene 227 – 320 Anthracene 221 – 374 Benz[a]anthracene 222 – 342 Benzo[a]pyrene 221 – 347 Benzo[b]fluoranthene 223 – 342 Benzo[ghi]perylene 210 – 363 Benzo[k]fluoranthene 216 - 352.5 Chrysene 218 – 344 Dibenz[ah]anthracene 217 - 321.5 Fluoranthene 236 – 359 Fluorene 219 – 299 Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene 210 – 386 Naphthacene 273 – 470 Naphthalene 220.5 - 310.5 Phenanthrene 213 – 330 Pyrene 232 - 351.5 Indirect photooxidation occurs when other substances (clay, organic matter, and inorganics) absorb sunlight energy and transmit the energy to the PAHs through electron orbital interactions (Pierzynski et al., 2000). Sunlight intensity and subsequent photooxidation are expected to be greatest during the summer months and in locations with less water vapor interference. The mechanism by which photooxidation actually degrades PAHs is still unclear, but likely involves a process similar to that shown in Figure 8. The electron delocalization of the PAH in the atmospheric oxygen seems to be essential since many studies show that direct oxidation in anaerobic environments is limited (Vione et al., 2006). Interestingly, research also suggests that the rate of degradation for HMW PAH is higher than LMW PAH during photooxidation which is opposite that of all other known forms of PAH degradation (Guieysse et al., 2004). 38
Figure 8. Possible mechanism for direct photooxidation of PAHs (Vione et al., 2006) As mentioned previously PAHs are hydrophobic and therefore tend to be found in PAH-particle associations. The rate of photooxidation is dependent upon the nature of the particle associated with the PAH. Research has found that PAHblack carbon associations have much longer half lives than do PAH-dissolved organic matter. The changes to photooxidation rates are most likely the result of particle color and therefore the quantity of wavelengths that the material can absorb. Black carbonaceous materials tend to absorb the wavelengths that may have photooxidized the associated PAH. Research conducted on PAH-particle associations with white materials such as silica and alumina support this conclusion and have resulted in higher rates of photooxidation (Vione et al., 2006). 39
Page 1 and 2: Remediation of PAH-Contaminated Soi
Page 3 and 4: Abstract Polycyclic aromatic hydroc
Page 5 and 6: soil is the primary environmental r
Page 7 and 8: Solubility Solubility of PAH compou
Page 9 and 10: Figure 1. Structures of US EPA’s
Page 11 and 12: � If you were to add 2 benzene ri
Page 13 and 14: and their mutagenic and carcinogeni
Page 15 and 16: PAH in humans The carcinogenicity o
Page 17 and 18: persist in the soil (Alexander, 199
Page 19 and 20: Figure 3. Relative PAH concentratio
Page 21 and 22: the gas phase was attributed to tem
Page 23 and 24: increasing rainfall intensity or wi
Page 25 and 26: in contaminated soils than uncontam
Page 27 and 28: Ideal biodegradation of PAHs, where
Page 29 and 30: Figure 5. Aerobic degradation of PA
Page 31 and 32: Cometabolism is explained by three
Page 33 and 34: donate electrons. The redox potenti
Page 35 and 36: 1. Fenton’s reagent - formation o
Page 37: Figure 7. Schematic of integrated e
Page 41 and 42: Freundlich adsorption equation: x/m
Page 43 and 44: Diffusion: Weber et al. (1992), Web
Page 45 and 46: Biological Techniques for Enhancing
Page 47 and 48: oot extract resulted in continuous
Page 49 and 50: Composting Composting is a form of
Page 51 and 52: The addition of inorganic nutrients
Page 53 and 54: � Yu et al. (2006) found no effec
Page 55 and 56: Carrot Daucus carota Wild and Jones
Page 57 and 58: Surfactants Mass transfer of PAH co
Page 59 and 60: � Straube et al. (2003) showed th
Page 61 and 62: encountered with biodegradation, an
Page 63 and 64: volatilization of some compounds, s
Page 65 and 66: Regulatory Framework Dredged materi
Page 67 and 68: transition phase between slurried s
Page 69 and 70: In addition to equation manipulatio
Page 71 and 72: Coastal Zone Management Act (CZMA)
Page 73 and 74: EPA Region V NA http://www.epa.gov/
Page 75 and 76: Indiana Department of Environmental
Page 77 and 78: New York State Department of Enviro
Page 79 and 80: Analytical Methods The following is
Page 81 and 82: Sample Cleanup After extraction, cl
Page 83 and 84: Table 13. Detection limits for cert
Page 85 and 86: Citations Accardi-Dey, A., and P.M.
Page 87 and 88: Cerniglia, C.E., and D.T. Gibson. 1
Page 89 and 90:
EPA. 2008. Integrated Risk Informat
Page 91 and 92:
Harmsen, J. 2007. Measuring bioavai
Page 93 and 94:
Kelsey, J.W., B.D. Kottler, and M.
Page 95 and 96:
Mackay, D., and D. Callcott. 1998.
Page 97 and 98:
O’Mahony, M., A. Dobson, J. Barne
Page 99 and 100:
Saison, C., C. Perrin-Ganier, M. Sc
Page 101 and 102:
Vessigaud, S., C Perrin-Ganier, L.
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