Oceans of noise - Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society

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environment 1. The Contracting Parties shall adopt measures to prevent, reduce, control and remedy pollution and other forms of deterioration of the marine and coastal environment, including: [...] (b) Pollution caused by ships and any other arrangement or installation that operates in the marine environment ... 133
Annex 2. Guidelines for commercial cetacean-watching activities in the ACCOBAMS area RESOLUTION 1.11 GUIDELINES FOR COMMERCIAL CETACEAN -WATCHING ACTIVITIES IN THE ACCOBAMS AREA The Meeting of the Parties to the Agreement on the Conservation of Cetaceans of the Black Sea, Mediterranean Sea and contiguous Atlantic area, Considering - that cetacean-watching activities for commercial purposes are increasingly being developed in the ACCOBAMS area and require to be regulated; - that commercial cetacean-watching activities, where properly conducted, do contribute to the building of education and awareness on cetaceans and their habitat; Noting : - that the International Whaling Commission, at its 48th annual meeting (1996), adopted the Scientific Committee's recommendations on the general principles for the management of whale-watching (IWC Resolution 1996-2); - that the Workshop on the Legal Aspects of Whale Watching, held in Punta Arenas, Chile, in 1997 and sponsored by IFAW (International Fund for Animal Welfare), drafted the Options for the Development of Legislation or Guidelines Related to Whale Watching; - the code of conduct for cetacean watching drafted under the Agreement between France, Italy and Monaco on the Mediterranean Sanctuary for Marine Mammals; - that legislation or guidelines applying to cetacean-watching activities have been adopted by a number of countries; Acknowledging - that under Article II.1, of ACCOBAMS the Parties shall prohibit and take all necessary measures to eliminate any deliberate taking of cetaceans, including harassing or attempting to engage in any such conduct; - that under Chapter 2 of Annex 2 to ACCOBAMS, when necessary, the Parties shall develop guidelines and/or codes of conduct to regulate or manage activities which create interactions between humans and cetaceans, such as touristic activities; - that under Chapter 1.c) of Annex 2 to ACCOBAMS the Parties shall require impact assessments to be carried out in order to provide a basis for either allowing or prohibiting the continuation or the future development of activities that may affect cetaceans or their habitat in the ACCOBAMS area, including tourism and cetacean-watching, as well as establishing the conditions under which such activities may be conducted; 134
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Oceans of noise A WDCS Science repo
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Contents Author biographies 4 Prefa
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Author biographies Sarah Dolman Sar
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Preface Over the course of the last
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some thoughts on the mitigation and
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1. Introduction Lindy Weilgart The
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2. The physics of underwater sound
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Box 1. Characteristics of sound / l
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Box 2. The effects of temperature,
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Intensity The intensity of a sound
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For water, pref = 1µPa rms, _ = 1x
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2.2. Types of sound source Sounds c
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Cylindrical spreading loss Cylindri
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Rain - - - - - - - - - 100-500 - Bi
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Energy source (Air gun array) 28 Se
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driving and pipe-laying (installati
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produced as the bubble collapses an
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and broadband noise sources decayed
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cetaceans to high levels of acousti
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Navigation (transponders) 38 7-60 1
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SONAR TYPE FREQUENCY RANGE AV. SOUR
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them from approaching fish farm cag
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3.11. Research 3.11.1. Controlled E
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frequencies). These sound channels
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4.3.6. Danger avoidance Many verteb
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Table 4.1. Summary of sound frequen
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Table 4.2. Summary of sound frequen
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5. Noise as a problem for cetaceans
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Increased vulnerability to disease
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levels exceed the ear’s tolerance
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5.6 A New Concern: Is noise causing
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stranding incident suggests that th
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The only cetaceans listed in Annex
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6.4 The US Marine Mammal Protection
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7. Solutions - mitigation and manag
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2. More targeted studies into each
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Noise pollution also needs to be co
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ange. Therefore prey must be closer
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identification of images collected.
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Pierson et al. (1998) indicated a m
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Baur, D.C., M.J. Bean, M.L. Gosline
Page 83 and 84: Cummings, W.C., Thompson, P.O. and
Page 85 and 86: Gedamke, J., Costa, D., Dunstan, A.
Page 87 and 88: Lagadere, J.P. 1982. Effects of noi
Page 89 and 90: National Research Council. 2000. Ma
Page 91 and 92: Sayigh, L.S., Tyack, P.L., Wells, R
Page 93 and 94: Todd, S., Lien, J. and Verhulst, A.
Page 95 and 96: December 1989, Pacific Grove, Calif
Page 97 and 98: consider just the definition of pol
Page 99 and 100: This evidence therefore suggests th
Page 101 and 102: jurisdiction (“the UNEP Conclusio
Page 103 and 104: Designation of Particularly Sensiti
Page 105 and 106: inter alia, internal waters, the te
Page 107 and 108: ief framework provision on pollutio
Page 109 and 110: definitions are located in the anne
Page 111 and 112: Questions arise as to the identity
Page 113 and 114: opportunity for, or a hurdle to, ad
Page 115 and 116: 145 LOSC in respect of polymetallic
Page 117 and 118: Seabed Authority) has been establis
Page 119 and 120: One possibility is the adoption by
Page 121 and 122: Identification and Designation of P
Page 123 and 124: Provisions on Ships’ Routeing to
Page 125 and 126: 4. Conclusion This paper has analys
Page 127 and 128: Instruments adopted under Bonn Conv
Page 129 and 130: Appendix B - Treaties underlying re
Page 131 and 132: Appendix C - Selected provisions of
Page 133: abate, combat pollution of the Medi
Page 137 and 138: 1. Any commercial cetacean-watching
Page 139 and 140: Annex 3. Documented examples of cet
Page 141 and 142: Location: Sarasota, Florida, USA Pr
Page 143 and 144: Beluga whales, Delphinapterus leuca
Page 145 and 146: These results may indicate habituat
Page 147 and 148: Location: Northwest Atlantic Northe
Page 149 and 150: The dolphins started to display eva
Page 151 and 152: Boats that approached within 30m or
Page 153 and 154: Location: Hawaii On rare occasions
Page 155 and 156: Location: Beaufort Sea Aversion beh
Page 157 and 158: Location: Mexico Gray whale vocal b
Page 159 and 160: If boats changed their speed or cou
Page 161 and 162: Corkeron, P.J. 1990. Aspects of the
Page 163 and 164: Kibal’chich, A.A., Dzhamanov, G.A
Page 165 and 166: ates of fin whales, Balaenoptera ph
Page 167 and 168: Annex 4. A note of the Recommendati
Page 169: 4. the inclusion of anthropogenic n
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Oceans of noise - Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society

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