Oceans of noise - Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society

More documents

Recommendations

Info

There was no evidence of minke whales approaching vessels travelling at survey speeds and some avoidance behaviour was noted. Ref: Tillman and Donovan 1986. Species type: Common minke whale, Balaenoptera acutorostrata Location: Tokyo Bay, Japan. It was suggested that postwar decreases in minke whale, Balaenoptera acutorostrata catches in Tokyo Bay were the result of increased boat traffic and changes in the distribution of these species. However, the declines may have been due to the impacts of commercial whaling causing a decline in numbers of these whale species rather than effects of boat traffic. Ref: Nishiwaki and Sasao 1977. Bowhead whales, Balaena mysticetus Location: Beaufort Sea Bowhead whales avoiding boat traffic do so when receiving only relatively low levels of vessel produced noise. A 13m diesel powered boat produced an avoidance reaction in a bowhead whale with a received noise level of only 84 dB re µ1Pa. This received level was c. 6dB above the ambient noise level Ref: Richardson 1995. Location: Beaufort Sea Bowhead whales, Balaena mysticetus, exhibited various reactions, including changes of observed behaviour and alteration of diving and respiratory behaviour, when approached by a variety of vessel types. Bowhead whales 0.5km to the side or behind a vessel seemed unaffected and on occasions approached within 100-500m of the vessel when the vessel was not manoeuvring towards the whales. These whales tolerated broadband noise levels of up to 110-115dB re µ1Pa. It was suggested that bowhead whales actively engaged in mating/social behaviour may be less responsive to boat traffic. One radio-tagged bowhead whale was approached by a small boat for a period of three days. Dive times were reduced when the boat approached within 500m for a period of 90-150 minutes. For a period of three days after the approaches by the small boat, diving behaviour returned to normal and the whale remained in the general area that the vessel was operating in. Ref: Wartzok et al. 1989. 153
Location: Beaufort Sea Aversion behaviour was exhibited by bowhead whales, Balaena mysticetus, when exposed to shipping vessel noise 6-13dB above ambient noise levels. Ref: Miles et al. 1987. Location: Bering Sea Bowhead whales in the Bering Sea exhibited negative responses and moved away from vessels approaching to within 0.4-0.6km of the whales. Ref: Kibal’chich et al. 1986. Location: Beaufort Sea Bowhead whales exhibited avoidance reactions when vessels approached within 0.8-3.4 km. The whales demonstrated shorter dive and surface times as the result of the presence of shipping. Initially the whales increased speed, presumably attempting to outpace an oncoming vessel, then altered course and swam away from the vessel’s course line. Subtle changes in surfacing and blow durations and frequencies were noted as the result of the sounds produced by idling diesel engines 3-4km away. Whale groups became scattered, with the inter-animal distance increasing from 7.5 (c. 110m) to 37 (c. 0.6km) whale lengths. Ref: Richardson et al. 1985a, 1985b. Right whales, Eubalaena spp. Species type: Southern right whale, Eubalaena australis Location: Australia Southern right whale mothers interposed themselves between their calves and boat traffic in Australian calving grounds. Ref: Ulmann 1995. Species type: Northern right whale, Eubalaena glacialis Location: Bay of Fundy, Canada 154
Page 1 and 2:
Oceans of noise A WDCS Science repo
Page 3 and 4:
Contents Author biographies 4 Prefa
Page 5 and 6:
Author biographies Sarah Dolman Sar
Page 7 and 8:
Preface Over the course of the last
Page 9 and 10:
some thoughts on the mitigation and
Page 11 and 12:
1. Introduction Lindy Weilgart The
Page 13 and 14:
2. The physics of underwater sound
Page 15 and 16:
Box 1. Characteristics of sound / l
Page 17 and 18:
Box 2. The effects of temperature,
Page 19 and 20:
Intensity The intensity of a sound
Page 21 and 22:
For water, pref = 1µPa rms, _ = 1x
Page 23 and 24:
2.2. Types of sound source Sounds c
Page 25 and 26:
Cylindrical spreading loss Cylindri
Page 27 and 28:
Rain - - - - - - - - - 100-500 - Bi
Page 29 and 30:
Energy source (Air gun array) 28 Se
Page 31 and 32:
driving and pipe-laying (installati
Page 33 and 34:
produced as the bubble collapses an
Page 35 and 36:
and broadband noise sources decayed
Page 37 and 38:
cetaceans to high levels of acousti
Page 39 and 40:
Navigation (transponders) 38 7-60 1
Page 41 and 42:
SONAR TYPE FREQUENCY RANGE AV. SOUR
Page 43 and 44:
them from approaching fish farm cag
Page 45 and 46:
3.11. Research 3.11.1. Controlled E
Page 47 and 48:
frequencies). These sound channels
Page 49 and 50:
4.3.6. Danger avoidance Many verteb
Page 51 and 52:
Table 4.1. Summary of sound frequen
Page 53 and 54:
Table 4.2. Summary of sound frequen
Page 55 and 56:
5. Noise as a problem for cetaceans
Page 57 and 58:
Increased vulnerability to disease
Page 59 and 60:
levels exceed the ear’s tolerance
Page 61 and 62:
5.6 A New Concern: Is noise causing
Page 63 and 64:
stranding incident suggests that th
Page 65 and 66:
The only cetaceans listed in Annex
Page 67 and 68:
6.4 The US Marine Mammal Protection
Page 69 and 70:
7. Solutions - mitigation and manag
Page 71 and 72:
2. More targeted studies into each
Page 73 and 74:
Noise pollution also needs to be co
Page 75 and 76:
ange. Therefore prey must be closer
Page 77 and 78:
identification of images collected.
Page 79 and 80:
Pierson et al. (1998) indicated a m
Page 81 and 82:
Baur, D.C., M.J. Bean, M.L. Gosline
Page 83 and 84:
Cummings, W.C., Thompson, P.O. and
Page 85 and 86:
Gedamke, J., Costa, D., Dunstan, A.
Page 87 and 88:
Lagadere, J.P. 1982. Effects of noi
Page 89 and 90:
National Research Council. 2000. Ma
Page 91 and 92:
Sayigh, L.S., Tyack, P.L., Wells, R
Page 93 and 94:
Todd, S., Lien, J. and Verhulst, A.
Page 95 and 96:
December 1989, Pacific Grove, Calif
Page 97 and 98:
consider just the definition of pol
Page 99 and 100:
This evidence therefore suggests th
Page 101 and 102:
jurisdiction (“the UNEP Conclusio
Page 103 and 104: Designation of Particularly Sensiti
Page 105 and 106: inter alia, internal waters, the te
Page 107 and 108: ief framework provision on pollutio
Page 109 and 110: definitions are located in the anne
Page 111 and 112: Questions arise as to the identity
Page 113 and 114: opportunity for, or a hurdle to, ad
Page 115 and 116: 145 LOSC in respect of polymetallic
Page 117 and 118: Seabed Authority) has been establis
Page 119 and 120: One possibility is the adoption by
Page 121 and 122: Identification and Designation of P
Page 123 and 124: Provisions on Ships’ Routeing to
Page 125 and 126: 4. Conclusion This paper has analys
Page 127 and 128: Instruments adopted under Bonn Conv
Page 129 and 130: Appendix B - Treaties underlying re
Page 131 and 132: Appendix C - Selected provisions of
Page 133 and 134: abate, combat pollution of the Medi
Page 135 and 136: Annex 2. Guidelines for commercial
Page 137 and 138: 1. Any commercial cetacean-watching
Page 139 and 140: Annex 3. Documented examples of cet
Page 141 and 142: Location: Sarasota, Florida, USA Pr
Page 143 and 144: Beluga whales, Delphinapterus leuca
Page 145 and 146: These results may indicate habituat
Page 147 and 148: Location: Northwest Atlantic Northe
Page 149 and 150: The dolphins started to display eva
Page 151 and 152: Boats that approached within 30m or
Page 153: Location: Hawaii On rare occasions
Page 157 and 158: Location: Mexico Gray whale vocal b
Page 159 and 160: If boats changed their speed or cou
Page 161 and 162: Corkeron, P.J. 1990. Aspects of the
Page 163 and 164: Kibal’chich, A.A., Dzhamanov, G.A
Page 165 and 166: ates of fin whales, Balaenoptera ph
Page 167 and 168: Annex 4. A note of the Recommendati
Page 169: 4. the inclusion of anthropogenic n
show all

Oceans of noise - Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?