Oceans of noise - Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society

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Sound speed (c) The speed (c) of a wave is the rate at which vibrations propagate through an elastic medium, and is characteristic of that medium, for example, the speed of sound in water is approximately 1500 ms -1 (metres per second) while the speed of sound in air is approximately 340ms -1 . Speed (c) is related to the square root of a medium’s elastic properties (bulk modulus) divided by its density. In a volume medium the wave speed takes the general form −2 B − 1 Nm c = ms = −3 ρ kgm Where B is the bulk modulus or elastic property of the medium and _ (rho) is the density of the medium. For water B=2.2-x10 9 Nm -2 and _ =1x10 3 kgm -3 , giving a speed in water of approximately 1500m/s. c water 9 2. 2 × 10 −1 −1 = 1483ms ≈ 1500 3 = ms 1× 10 The speed of sound can also be calculated if the frequency and wavelength of a wave are known. c = λ f s m −1 ms = Where c is the speed of sound in the medium, _ (lambda) is the wavelength and f is the frequency of the sound. In reality, the speed of sound in water will depend on the density structure of the water column, which is a complex function of temperature (t), depth (pressure) and salinity, Box 2. These environmental parameters have important consequences for propagation, and these are described in the sections below. 15
Box 2. The effects of temperature, salinity and pressure on sound speed Figure 2.5. A typical sound velocity profile showing the “Layer” depth (depth of maximum sound velocity or Vmax), the sound velocity minimum (Vmin), the signatures of seasonal and permanent thermoclines, and the signature of the deep water isothermal layer. Depth (m) -500 -1000 -1500 -2000 -2500 -3000 0 1445 1465 1485 C (ms -1 ) Layer depth (Vmax) Sound velocity minimum (Vmin) 16 Seasonal thermocline Permanent thermocline Deep-water isothermal layer
Page 1 and 2: Oceans of noise A WDCS Science repo
Page 3 and 4: Contents Author biographies 4 Prefa
Page 5 and 6: Author biographies Sarah Dolman Sar
Page 7 and 8: Preface Over the course of the last
Page 9 and 10: some thoughts on the mitigation and
Page 11 and 12: 1. Introduction Lindy Weilgart The
Page 13 and 14: 2. The physics of underwater sound
Page 15: Box 1. Characteristics of sound / l
Page 19 and 20: Intensity The intensity of a sound
Page 21 and 22: For water, pref = 1µPa rms, _ = 1x
Page 23 and 24: 2.2. Types of sound source Sounds c
Page 25 and 26: Cylindrical spreading loss Cylindri
Page 27 and 28: Rain - - - - - - - - - 100-500 - Bi
Page 29 and 30: Energy source (Air gun array) 28 Se
Page 31 and 32: driving and pipe-laying (installati
Page 33 and 34: produced as the bubble collapses an
Page 35 and 36: and broadband noise sources decayed
Page 37 and 38: cetaceans to high levels of acousti
Page 39 and 40: Navigation (transponders) 38 7-60 1
Page 41 and 42: SONAR TYPE FREQUENCY RANGE AV. SOUR
Page 43 and 44: them from approaching fish farm cag
Page 45 and 46: 3.11. Research 3.11.1. Controlled E
Page 47 and 48: frequencies). These sound channels
Page 49 and 50: 4.3.6. Danger avoidance Many verteb
Page 51 and 52: Table 4.1. Summary of sound frequen
Page 53 and 54: Table 4.2. Summary of sound frequen
Page 55 and 56: 5. Noise as a problem for cetaceans
Page 57 and 58: Increased vulnerability to disease
Page 59 and 60: levels exceed the ear’s tolerance
Page 61 and 62: 5.6 A New Concern: Is noise causing
Page 63 and 64: stranding incident suggests that th
Page 65 and 66: The only cetaceans listed in Annex
Page 67 and 68:
6.4 The US Marine Mammal Protection
Page 69 and 70:
7. Solutions - mitigation and manag
Page 71 and 72:
2. More targeted studies into each
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Noise pollution also needs to be co
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ange. Therefore prey must be closer
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identification of images collected.
Page 79 and 80:
Pierson et al. (1998) indicated a m
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Baur, D.C., M.J. Bean, M.L. Gosline
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Cummings, W.C., Thompson, P.O. and
Page 85 and 86:
Gedamke, J., Costa, D., Dunstan, A.
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Lagadere, J.P. 1982. Effects of noi
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National Research Council. 2000. Ma
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Sayigh, L.S., Tyack, P.L., Wells, R
Page 93 and 94:
Todd, S., Lien, J. and Verhulst, A.
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December 1989, Pacific Grove, Calif
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consider just the definition of pol
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This evidence therefore suggests th
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jurisdiction (“the UNEP Conclusio
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Designation of Particularly Sensiti
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inter alia, internal waters, the te
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ief framework provision on pollutio
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definitions are located in the anne
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Questions arise as to the identity
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opportunity for, or a hurdle to, ad
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145 LOSC in respect of polymetallic
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Seabed Authority) has been establis
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One possibility is the adoption by
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Identification and Designation of P
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Provisions on Ships’ Routeing to
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4. Conclusion This paper has analys
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Instruments adopted under Bonn Conv
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Appendix B - Treaties underlying re
Page 131 and 132:
Appendix C - Selected provisions of
Page 133 and 134:
abate, combat pollution of the Medi
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Annex 2. Guidelines for commercial
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1. Any commercial cetacean-watching
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Annex 3. Documented examples of cet
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Location: Sarasota, Florida, USA Pr
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Beluga whales, Delphinapterus leuca
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These results may indicate habituat
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Location: Northwest Atlantic Northe
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The dolphins started to display eva
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Boats that approached within 30m or
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Location: Hawaii On rare occasions
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Location: Beaufort Sea Aversion beh
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Location: Mexico Gray whale vocal b
Page 159 and 160:
If boats changed their speed or cou
Page 161 and 162:
Corkeron, P.J. 1990. Aspects of the
Page 163 and 164:
Kibal’chich, A.A., Dzhamanov, G.A
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ates of fin whales, Balaenoptera ph
Page 167 and 168:
Annex 4. A note of the Recommendati
Page 169:
4. the inclusion of anthropogenic n
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Oceans of noise - Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society

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