Oceans of noise - Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society

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Song Social calls Shrieks Slaps 53 0.03-8 0.05-10 0.75-1.8 0.03-1.2 Payne and Payne 1985; Silber 1986; Thompson et al. 1986
5. Noise as a problem for cetaceans Chris Parsons and Sarah Dolman 5.1 Particular cetacean vulnerabilities Lack of knowledge means that risk assessment for cetaceans is most often based on assumptions. For example, it is assumed that those cetacean species with a hearing range within the range of an introduced sound are likely to be most affected by the sound (with the possible exception of explosions and other such impulsive signals). Certain individuals within a group might be considered more vulnerable to noise; for example, mother and calf pairs. Similarly, those species with a poor conservation status, for example, endangered species, may be given special attention. The significance of introduced noise might also be given a higher priority where geographical and/or seasonal areas of critical habitat have been identified. Deep-diving species such as the sperm and beaked whales may also be vulnerable as they travel into zones where noise may be concentrated. These animals leave the surface with enough oxygen in their organs and blood to sustain the dive, but may not have reserves to swim away from intense and unexpected noise (Simmonds and Dolman 1999). An individual may not have the capacity, particularly towards the end of its dive, to swim away from the introduction of an intense noise source. 5.2 Short-term observations It cannot be assumed that no biological consequences result from exposure to loud noises where no behavioural response is measured. However, in terms of determining if a noise is significant, consideration of behavioural responses might provide useful information. Identification of significant behavioural responses requires that a cetacean’s normal behaviour (within the particular circumstances under which they are exposed to the noise) is well categorised and that changes to it must be measurable and be able to be linked to the noise disturbance. It also requires researchers to be able detect changes in this behaviour, something which is particularly difficult with animals which spend so much of their time out of sight, submerged beneath the surface. 5.2.1 Disturbance and displacement reactions Human-introduced noise has been documented to induce short-term behavioural reactions including cessation of feeding, socialising and vocalising, changes in diving behaviour as well as avoidance or attraction. In addition, noise has been documented as causing displacement of cetaceans from preferred habitats. If these impacts were of only short duration they would not necessarily be significant. However, if these disturbances are repeated or are of long duration, they may cause stress, debilitation and ultimately mortality. Approach, as well as avoidance of a noise source, should be considered as disturbance, because an animal has altered its natural behaviour (Moscrop and Swift 1999). Individuals have been seen to directly approach and investigate loud sources of noise which may place them in greater danger. Yet, displacement from a key habitat could have profound effects. Disturbance and displacement reactions caused by shipping traffic, for example, may have a significant negative impact and perhaps particularly in discrete coastal populations. These animals are besieged by a variety of 54
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Oceans of noise A WDCS Science repo
Page 3 and 4: Contents Author biographies 4 Prefa
Page 5 and 6: Author biographies Sarah Dolman Sar
Page 7 and 8: Preface Over the course of the last
Page 9 and 10: some thoughts on the mitigation and
Page 11 and 12: 1. Introduction Lindy Weilgart The
Page 13 and 14: 2. The physics of underwater sound
Page 15 and 16: Box 1. Characteristics of sound / l
Page 17 and 18: Box 2. The effects of temperature,
Page 19 and 20: Intensity The intensity of a sound
Page 21 and 22: For water, pref = 1µPa rms, _ = 1x
Page 23 and 24: 2.2. Types of sound source Sounds c
Page 25 and 26: Cylindrical spreading loss Cylindri
Page 27 and 28: Rain - - - - - - - - - 100-500 - Bi
Page 29 and 30: Energy source (Air gun array) 28 Se
Page 31 and 32: driving and pipe-laying (installati
Page 33 and 34: produced as the bubble collapses an
Page 35 and 36: and broadband noise sources decayed
Page 37 and 38: cetaceans to high levels of acousti
Page 39 and 40: Navigation (transponders) 38 7-60 1
Page 41 and 42: SONAR TYPE FREQUENCY RANGE AV. SOUR
Page 43 and 44: them from approaching fish farm cag
Page 45 and 46: 3.11. Research 3.11.1. Controlled E
Page 47 and 48: frequencies). These sound channels
Page 49 and 50: 4.3.6. Danger avoidance Many verteb
Page 51 and 52: Table 4.1. Summary of sound frequen
Page 53: Table 4.2. Summary of sound frequen
Page 57 and 58: Increased vulnerability to disease
Page 59 and 60: levels exceed the ear’s tolerance
Page 61 and 62: 5.6 A New Concern: Is noise causing
Page 63 and 64: stranding incident suggests that th
Page 65 and 66: The only cetaceans listed in Annex
Page 67 and 68: 6.4 The US Marine Mammal Protection
Page 69 and 70: 7. Solutions - mitigation and manag
Page 71 and 72: 2. More targeted studies into each
Page 73 and 74: Noise pollution also needs to be co
Page 75 and 76: ange. Therefore prey must be closer
Page 77 and 78: identification of images collected.
Page 79 and 80: Pierson et al. (1998) indicated a m
Page 81 and 82: Baur, D.C., M.J. Bean, M.L. Gosline
Page 83 and 84: Cummings, W.C., Thompson, P.O. and
Page 85 and 86: Gedamke, J., Costa, D., Dunstan, A.
Page 87 and 88: Lagadere, J.P. 1982. Effects of noi
Page 89 and 90: National Research Council. 2000. Ma
Page 91 and 92: Sayigh, L.S., Tyack, P.L., Wells, R
Page 93 and 94: Todd, S., Lien, J. and Verhulst, A.
Page 95 and 96: December 1989, Pacific Grove, Calif
Page 97 and 98: consider just the definition of pol
Page 99 and 100: This evidence therefore suggests th
Page 101 and 102: jurisdiction (“the UNEP Conclusio
Page 103 and 104: Designation of Particularly Sensiti
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inter alia, internal waters, the te
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ief framework provision on pollutio
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definitions are located in the anne
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Questions arise as to the identity
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opportunity for, or a hurdle to, ad
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145 LOSC in respect of polymetallic
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Seabed Authority) has been establis
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One possibility is the adoption by
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Identification and Designation of P
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Provisions on Ships’ Routeing to
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4. Conclusion This paper has analys
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Instruments adopted under Bonn Conv
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Appendix B - Treaties underlying re
Page 131 and 132:
Appendix C - Selected provisions of
Page 133 and 134:
abate, combat pollution of the Medi
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Annex 2. Guidelines for commercial
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1. Any commercial cetacean-watching
Page 139 and 140:
Annex 3. Documented examples of cet
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Location: Sarasota, Florida, USA Pr
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Beluga whales, Delphinapterus leuca
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These results may indicate habituat
Page 147 and 148:
Location: Northwest Atlantic Northe
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The dolphins started to display eva
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Boats that approached within 30m or
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Location: Hawaii On rare occasions
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Location: Beaufort Sea Aversion beh
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Location: Mexico Gray whale vocal b
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If boats changed their speed or cou
Page 161 and 162:
Corkeron, P.J. 1990. Aspects of the
Page 163 and 164:
Kibal’chich, A.A., Dzhamanov, G.A
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ates of fin whales, Balaenoptera ph
Page 167 and 168:
Annex 4. A note of the Recommendati
Page 169:
4. the inclusion of anthropogenic n
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