Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM)

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Contents XVII 12.2 Testing, Testing, and Yes, More Testing .................... 264 12.3 Who Wants DICOM? ................................... 266 12.4 DICOM from a Black Box ............................... 267 12.5 “Home-Made” DICOMs ................................. 268 12.6 Open-Source DICOM .................................. 269 Part V: aDVanCeD tOPICs 13 DICOM and teleradiology ............................. 275 13.1 Can I See the Image? ................................... 275 13.2 You’ve Got Mail ........................................ 278 13.3 Teleradiology .......................................... 280 13.4 DICOM and the WWW ................................. 286 13.5 “DICOM Email” ....................................... 289 13.6 From PACS to PDAs? ................................... 292 13.7 Starting Your Teleradiology Project ....................... 295 13.8 Conclusion ............................................ 298 14 standards and system Integration in Digital Medicine ... 301 14.1 HL7: HIS and RIS ...................................... 302 14.2 Integration Problems ................................... 305 14.2.1 Data Integration ....................................... 307 14.2.2 Application Integration ................................. 308 14.3 IHE: Integration Profiles ................................ 309 15 Disaster PaCs Planning and Management .............. 313 15.1 What it Takes to Kill a PACS ............................. 313 15.2 Extreme PACS ......................................... 316 15.2.1 Digging in the Dirt ..................................... 317 15.2.2 Confidentiality and Security ............................. 319 15.2.3 Archiving ............................................. 320 15.2.4 Disaster-Proof PACS Design ............................. 320 16 DICOM software Development ........................ 325 16.1 Developing DICOM from Scratch ........................ 325 16.2 The “I just need to open this DICOM file” Project ........... 325 16.3 Implementing DICOM .................................. 326 16.4 Learning from Others ................................... 329 17 DICOM Implementation Plans ......................... 331 17.1 Imaging Center ........................................ 331 17.2 Teleradiology Center ................................... 332 17.3 Hospital .............................................. 334 17.4 Image-Processing Laboratory ............................ 335
XVIII Contents 18 DICOM FaQs .......................................... 339 18.1 Frequent Problems ..................................... 339 18.1.1 I Want to Go Digital. How Do I Start? ..................... 339 18.1.2 How Do I Distinguish DICOM Files from Others? .......... 339 18.1.3 I Am Trying to Open a File in My DICOM Program, and it Does Not Open ............................. 340 18.1.4 What Is DICOMDIR? ................................... 340 18.1.5 I Send a Study to My DICOM Device, but it Never Gets There 341 18.1.6 I Send a Study to My PACS Archive: it Arrives There, but Becomes Merged with Another Study (Patient) .......... 341 18.1.7 I Need to Send This Study to a Remote Facility .............. 341 18.1.8 I Open a DICOM Image in My Software, and it Looks Wrong 342 18.1.9 I Do Some Image Editing on My PACS, but When I Send it to Another System, the Editing Is Missing .......... 342 18.1.10 Can I Break My DICOM Device if I DICOM-Connect it to Another? ..................................... 342 18.2 Naive Questions that Physicians Like to Ask and Salesmen Like to Brag About ............... 343 18.2.1 Do I Get the Original Image Resolution if I Buy Your PACS? . . 343 18.2.2 Is Your System Web-Based? .............................. 343 18.2.3 Can You Connect to My CT Scanner (MR, Ultrasound, Positron Emission Tomography, and so on)? ................ 344 18.2.4 Do You Have 3D Imaging (Perfusion, Diffusion, Volume Measurements, and so on)? ....................... 344 18.2.5 Does Your System Support Multitasking (e.g., Multithreading, 64-bit Processors)? .................. 345 18.2.6 Can I Use Your System for Teleradiology? .................. 345 18.2.7 How Fast Can You Transfer the Images? ................... 346 18.2.8 How Much Data Can I Store in Your PACS? ................ 346 18.2.9 Is Your DICOM Software Secure? ......................... 347 18.2.10 Do You Have Full-Fidelity DICOM? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347 appendix .................................................... 351 A.1 DICOM Transfer Syntaxes ............................... 351 A.2 DICOM SOPs ......................................... 353 A.3 C-Find Bytes .......................................... 359 references ................................................... 379 subject Index ................................................ 381
Page 2 and 3: Oleg S. Pianykh Digital Imaging and
Page 4 and 5: Oleg S. Pianykh, Ph.D. Department o
Page 6 and 7: Foreword VII Foreword Digital Imagi
Page 8 and 9: X Foreword so technically challengi
Page 10 and 11: Contents XIII Contents Part I: Intr
Page 12 and 13: Contents XV 7.2.4 The Verification
Page 16 and 17: abbreviations 3D Three-Dimensional
Page 18 and 19: Part I: IntroductIon to dIcoM
Page 20 and 21: 4 Chapter 1 What is DICOM? Fig. 1 M
Page 22 and 23: Chapter 2 How Does DICOM Work? “E
Page 24 and 25: Establishment-DICOM handshake, when
Page 26 and 27: 12 Chapter 3 Where Do You Get DICOM
Page 32 and 33: 18 Chapter 4 A Brief History of DIC
Page 34 and 35: 20 ACR-NEMA vs. DICOM Chapter 4 A B
Page 36 and 37: 22 ACR-NEMA 2.0 Chapter 4 A Brief H
Page 38 and 39: 5.1 IT Boot Camp 25 Chapter 5 Parle
Page 40 and 41: 5.2 Text vs. Binary 27 consisting o
Page 42 and 43: 5.3 DICOM Grammar: Value Representa
Page 56 and 57: 5.4 DICOM Data Dictionary 43 Table
Page 58 and 59: 5.4 DICOM Data Dictionary 45 5.4.2
Page 60 and 61: 5.5 DICOM Objects 47 mation and com
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5.5 DICOM Objects 51 Table 9 Explic
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5.5 DICOM Objects 53 5.5.2 Encoding
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5.5 DICOM Objects 55 2. Modifying a
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5.5 DICOM Objects 57 change the pri
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5.5 DICOM Objects 59 Table 11 SQ en
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5.5 DICOM Objects 61 mark the end o
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5.5 DICOM Objects 63 5.5.6 Required
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5.5 DICOM Objects 65 5.5.8 Unique I
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5.6 DICOM Information Hierarchy 67
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5.7 Modules, IODs, and Information
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86 Chapter 6 Medical Images in DICO
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88 Fig. 20 Storing pixel sample bit
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94 CAD and lossy compression Chapte
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98 6.2.4 Choosing the Right Compres
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100 Chapter 6 Medical Images in DIC
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Part III: DICOM COMMunICatIOns
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116 Chapter 7 DICOM SOPs: Basic net
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118 Connecting the unconnectable Ch
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120 7.2 Services and Data Chapter 7
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122 Fig. 34 Building DICOM Message
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124 Table 21 C-Echo-Rsp: responding
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126 Table 22 C-Echo-Rq in a final D
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128 Table 23 C-Echo-Rsp in final DI
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130 7.2.3 Service-Object Pairs Chap
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132 Chapter 7 DICOM SOPs: Basic The
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134 Fig. 38 Storage SOP Chapter 7 D
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136 Table 26 C-Store-Rq Message fie
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138 Fig. 39 DICOM C-Store 7.4 Query
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140 7.4.1 A Few Words on Data Match
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142 7.4.2 C-Find IOD Chapter 7 DICO
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144 Table 29 (continued) Query para
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146 Table 30 C-Find-Rq Message fiel
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148 Chapter 7 DICOM SOPs: Basic 4.
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150 Chapter 7 DICOM SOPs: Basic Fig
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152 Chapter 7 DICOM SOPs: Basic Pro
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154 Table 35 C-Get SOP SOP Class Na
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156 Chapter 7 DICOM SOPs: Basic use
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158 Table 38 C-Get-Rsp Message fiel
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160 Chapter 7 DICOM SOPs: Basic Fig
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162 Table 40 Example of a C-Move IO
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164 Table 42 C-Move-Rsp Message fie
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166 Chapter 7 DICOM SOPs: Basic by
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168 Chapter 7 DICOM SOPs: Basic (Fi
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8.1 Storage Commitment 171 Chapter
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8.3 Structured Reports 173 The only
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8.4 Encapsulated PDFs 175 ages, whi
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8.5 Hardcopy Printing 177 8.5 Hardc
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180 Chapter 9 DICOM Associations or
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182 Chapter 9 DICOM Associations Yo
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184 Table 44 Important Abstract Syn
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186 Chapter 9 DICOM Associations Fi
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188 Table 45 Important Transfer Syn
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190 Chapter 9 DICOM Associations MR
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192 Application Context wars Chapte
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196 Chapter 9 DICOM Associations 1.
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200 Fig. 62 A-Associate-RQ message
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202 Chapter 9 DICOM Associations If
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204 9.8.4 A-Abort Chapter 9 DICOM A
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206 Fig. 68 P-Data-TF message, with
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208 Chapter 9 DICOM Associations Do
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210 Chapter 9 DICOM Associations Tw
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212 Chapter 9 DICOM Associations DI
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214 Chapter 9 DICOM Associations in
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216 Chapter 9 DICOM Associations to
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Part IV: DICOM MeDIa anD SeCurIty
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222 10.1 DICOM File Format Chapter
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224 Table 49 (continued) File Meta
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226 Chapter 10 DICOM Media: Files,
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230 Table 50 (continued) DICOMDIR e
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232 Table 50 (continued) DICOMDIR e
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234 10.2.2 Secure DICOM File Format
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248 Fig. 77 DICOM file in WordPad C
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250 Chapter 11 DICOM Security All e
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252 Chapter 11 DICOM Security The c
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254 Chapter 11 DICOM Security senti
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256 11.3.2 Encryption Chapter 11 DI
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258 Chapter 11 DICOM Security from
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260 Fig. 82 Digital signature Chapt
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12.1 DICOM Conformance 263 Chapter
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12.2 Testing, Testing, and Yes, Mor
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12.4 DICOM from a Black Box 267 Thi
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12.6 Open-Source DICOM 269 on their
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12.6 Open-Source DICOM 271 processo
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13.1 Can I See the Image? 275 Chapt
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13.1 Can I See the Image? 277 confe
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13.2 You’ve Got Mail 279 bytes. I
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13.3 Teleradiology 281 Fig. 85 Exte
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13.3 Teleradiology 283 Stealth tele
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13.3 Teleradiology 285 not always r
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13.4 DICOM and the WWW 287 (see 5.5
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13.5 “DICOM Email” 289 4. XML i
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13.5 “DICOM Email” 291 Fig. 87
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13.6 From PACS to PDAs? 293 images
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13.7 Starting Your Teleradiology Pr
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13.7 Starting Your Teleradiology Pr
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13.8 Conclusion 299 C-Stores, and f
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302 14.1 HL7: HIS and RIS Chapter 1
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304 Chapter 14 Standards and System
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15.1 What it Takes to Kill a PACS 3
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15.1 What it Takes to Kill a PACS 3
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15.2 Extreme PACS 317 15.2.1 Diggin
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15.2 Extreme PACS 319 unstable netw
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15.2 Extreme PACS 321 cally configu
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323 Fig. 93 Modular, distributed PA
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326 Chapter 16 DICOM Software Devel
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332 Chapter 17 DICOM Implementation
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334 Real case: teleradiology or bac
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336 Chapter 17 DICOM Implementation
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18.1 Frequent Problems 339 Chapter
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18.1 Frequent Problems 341 18.1.5 I
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18.2 Naive Questions Physicians Lik
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A.1 DICOM Transfer Syntaxes 351 App
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A.2 DICOM SOPs 353 A.2 DICOM SOPs T
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A.2 DICOM SOPs 355 Table 53 (contin
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A.2 DICOM SOPs 357 Table 53 (contin
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A.3 C-Find Bytes 359 Table 53 (cont
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380 References Langer S (2005) Cont
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382 DICOM email 221, 289, 290, 292
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