Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM)

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5.6 DICOM Information Hierarchy 73 Fig. 16 Example of hierarchical (left) vs. relational (right) search for a “images of last month’s CT study for John Smith”. Hierarchical searches are simpler. This makes them more efficient, but requires more steps tional data processing does not break data into the four levels, and it permits you to search data in any way possible (provided that the data is somehow related). For example, you can search for a particular series not knowing its Study and Patient IDs, as long as you provide other data to identify the series (such as modality, date/time, UID, and so on). DICOM supports relational (nonhierarchical) data processing as an option. While hierarchical data processing is mandatory on any DICOM unit, rela-
74 Chapter 5 Parlez-Vous DICOM? tional data processing may or may not be provided in addition, and more often it is not. Whether relational data processing is available should be specified in the device’s DICOM Conformance Statement. 5.7 Modules, IODs, and Information Entities Building DICOM objects from data elements is the only way to do it right, but with some 2000 data elements in the DICOM Data Dictionary we would like to have a bit more structure. You cannot really get a few MR-specific elements (such as (0018,0087) magnetic field strength), add a few CT tags (such as kvp in (0018,0060)), insert ultrasound images, and call this a DICOM object. The chimera will be rejected by most DICOM devices and even the remaining ones, marvels of DICOM data processing flexibility, won’t have any idea how to process this mixture. Data elements are the smallest building blocks, and they might not necessarily fit together. To put this in a better order, we need to group data elements into larger building blocks, and use them to build more meaningful and more defined DICOM objects. DICOM calls these blocks Information Modules, Information Entities (IEs), and IODs. Like many things in DICOM, they are related hierarchically. Modules form IEs, which in turn are used to build IODs. Because DICOM data is defined for each image modality, the proper choice of modules, IEs, and IODs depends on the modality. Let’s have a closer look at how it all works. Table 13 Series and instance reference macro attributes Attribute name Tag Attribute description Referenced Series Sequence (0008,1115) Sequence of Items, each of which includes the Attributes of one Series. One or more Items shall be present >Series Instance UID (0020,000E) Unique identifier of the Series containing the referenced Instances >Referenced Instance Sequence >>Referenced SOP Class UID >>Referenced SOP Instance UID (0008,114A) Sequence of Items, each providing a reference to an Instance that is part of the Series defined by Series Instance UID (0020,000E) in the enclosing Item. One or more Items shall be present (0008,1150) Uniquely identifies the referenced SOP Class (0008,1155) Uniquely identifies the referenced SOP Instance
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Oleg S. Pianykh Digital Imaging and
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Oleg S. Pianykh, Ph.D. Department o
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Foreword VII Foreword Digital Imagi
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X Foreword so technically challengi
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Contents XIII Contents Part I: Intr
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Contents XV 7.2.4 The Verification
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Contents XVII 12.2 Testing, Testing
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abbreviations 3D Three-Dimensional
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Part I: IntroductIon to dIcoM
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4 Chapter 1 What is DICOM? Fig. 1 M
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Chapter 2 How Does DICOM Work? “E
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Establishment-DICOM handshake, when
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12 Chapter 3 Where Do You Get DICOM
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18 Chapter 4 A Brief History of DIC
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20 ACR-NEMA vs. DICOM Chapter 4 A B
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Page 38 and 39: 5.1 IT Boot Camp 25 Chapter 5 Parle
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Page 60 and 61: 5.5 DICOM Objects 47 mation and com
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Page 98 and 99: 86 Chapter 6 Medical Images in DICO
Page 100 and 101: 88 Fig. 20 Storing pixel sample bit
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Page 112 and 113: 100 Chapter 6 Medical Images in DIC
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Page 126 and 127: 116 Chapter 7 DICOM SOPs: Basic net
Page 128 and 129: 118 Connecting the unconnectable Ch
Page 130 and 131: 120 7.2 Services and Data Chapter 7
Page 132 and 133: 122 Fig. 34 Building DICOM Message
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126 Table 22 C-Echo-Rq in a final D
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128 Table 23 C-Echo-Rsp in final DI
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130 7.2.3 Service-Object Pairs Chap
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132 Chapter 7 DICOM SOPs: Basic The
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134 Fig. 38 Storage SOP Chapter 7 D
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136 Table 26 C-Store-Rq Message fie
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138 Fig. 39 DICOM C-Store 7.4 Query
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140 7.4.1 A Few Words on Data Match
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142 7.4.2 C-Find IOD Chapter 7 DICO
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144 Table 29 (continued) Query para
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146 Table 30 C-Find-Rq Message fiel
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148 Chapter 7 DICOM SOPs: Basic 4.
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150 Chapter 7 DICOM SOPs: Basic Fig
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152 Chapter 7 DICOM SOPs: Basic Pro
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154 Table 35 C-Get SOP SOP Class Na
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156 Chapter 7 DICOM SOPs: Basic use
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158 Table 38 C-Get-Rsp Message fiel
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160 Chapter 7 DICOM SOPs: Basic Fig
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162 Table 40 Example of a C-Move IO
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164 Table 42 C-Move-Rsp Message fie
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166 Chapter 7 DICOM SOPs: Basic by
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168 Chapter 7 DICOM SOPs: Basic (Fi
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8.1 Storage Commitment 171 Chapter
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8.3 Structured Reports 173 The only
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8.4 Encapsulated PDFs 175 ages, whi
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8.5 Hardcopy Printing 177 8.5 Hardc
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180 Chapter 9 DICOM Associations or
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182 Chapter 9 DICOM Associations Yo
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184 Table 44 Important Abstract Syn
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186 Chapter 9 DICOM Associations Fi
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188 Table 45 Important Transfer Syn
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190 Chapter 9 DICOM Associations MR
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192 Application Context wars Chapte
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196 Chapter 9 DICOM Associations 1.
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200 Fig. 62 A-Associate-RQ message
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202 Chapter 9 DICOM Associations If
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204 9.8.4 A-Abort Chapter 9 DICOM A
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206 Fig. 68 P-Data-TF message, with
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208 Chapter 9 DICOM Associations Do
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210 Chapter 9 DICOM Associations Tw
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212 Chapter 9 DICOM Associations DI
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214 Chapter 9 DICOM Associations in
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216 Chapter 9 DICOM Associations to
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Part IV: DICOM MeDIa anD SeCurIty
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222 10.1 DICOM File Format Chapter
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224 Table 49 (continued) File Meta
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226 Chapter 10 DICOM Media: Files,
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230 Table 50 (continued) DICOMDIR e
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232 Table 50 (continued) DICOMDIR e
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234 10.2.2 Secure DICOM File Format
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248 Fig. 77 DICOM file in WordPad C
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250 Chapter 11 DICOM Security All e
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252 Chapter 11 DICOM Security The c
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254 Chapter 11 DICOM Security senti
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256 11.3.2 Encryption Chapter 11 DI
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258 Chapter 11 DICOM Security from
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260 Fig. 82 Digital signature Chapt
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12.1 DICOM Conformance 263 Chapter
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12.2 Testing, Testing, and Yes, Mor
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12.4 DICOM from a Black Box 267 Thi
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12.6 Open-Source DICOM 269 on their
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12.6 Open-Source DICOM 271 processo
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13.1 Can I See the Image? 275 Chapt
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13.1 Can I See the Image? 277 confe
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13.2 You’ve Got Mail 279 bytes. I
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13.3 Teleradiology 281 Fig. 85 Exte
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13.3 Teleradiology 283 Stealth tele
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13.3 Teleradiology 285 not always r
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13.4 DICOM and the WWW 287 (see 5.5
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13.5 “DICOM Email” 289 4. XML i
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13.5 “DICOM Email” 291 Fig. 87
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13.6 From PACS to PDAs? 293 images
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13.7 Starting Your Teleradiology Pr
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13.7 Starting Your Teleradiology Pr
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13.8 Conclusion 299 C-Stores, and f
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302 14.1 HL7: HIS and RIS Chapter 1
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304 Chapter 14 Standards and System
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15.1 What it Takes to Kill a PACS 3
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15.1 What it Takes to Kill a PACS 3
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15.2 Extreme PACS 317 15.2.1 Diggin
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15.2 Extreme PACS 319 unstable netw
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15.2 Extreme PACS 321 cally configu
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323 Fig. 93 Modular, distributed PA
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326 Chapter 16 DICOM Software Devel
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332 Chapter 17 DICOM Implementation
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334 Real case: teleradiology or bac
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336 Chapter 17 DICOM Implementation
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18.1 Frequent Problems 339 Chapter
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18.1 Frequent Problems 341 18.1.5 I
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18.2 Naive Questions Physicians Lik
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A.1 DICOM Transfer Syntaxes 351 App
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A.2 DICOM SOPs 353 A.2 DICOM SOPs T
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A.2 DICOM SOPs 355 Table 53 (contin
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A.2 DICOM SOPs 357 Table 53 (contin
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A.3 C-Find Bytes 359 Table 53 (cont
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380 References Langer S (2005) Cont
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382 DICOM email 221, 289, 290, 292
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