Novo Brdo Fortifications

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3242 Popovi} 2016b, 154–156.43 Kova~evi} 2001, 271–273.44 Dini} 1962, 81–82;Koji}-Kova~evi} 1978, 225–228.45 Radoji~i} 1962, 52.46 Dini} 1962, 73–77.47 The programme of the surveying,conservation and partial restorationof Novo Brdo fortifications is organized bythe UNESCO, with the funds provided bythe European Union. The implementationof the works was commissioned throughan international tender to the Company forconstruction, restoration and reconstructionof buildings “KOTO d.o.o.” from Belgrade.The systematic archaeological surveysthat are conducted within the scope of thisproject are led by Marko Popovi}, PhD.FORTIFICATIONS OF THE MEDIEVAL TOWN OF NOVO BRDOworked as, one of them, Dimitrije, was also a writer and a poet who wrote both inSerbian and in Greek. While encountering in Novo Brdo diverse spiritual trends ofthose times, he expressed his admiration for the heritage from the Antiquity, althoughhe was deeply permeated with the Christian religious mysticism. In addition to theSerbs and Greeks, educated Latins also lived in Novo Brdo. One of them, who wascertainly the most distinguished, was Martin Segon, a priest at the Saxon church ofSt. Maria in Novo Brdo, who was subsequently, until his death in 1485, the Bishopof Ulcinj. In his works, only few of which have been preserved, he described theevents, as well as the areas which the Ottomans attacked and conquered. 42Thanks to an increase in the mining production and the overall economicdevelopment, the number of the residents of Novo Brdo multiplied at an acceleratedrate. It is believed that at the time of the greatest prosperity, there were between4,000 and 5,000 inhabitants living in Novo Brdo, while the total figure includingneighbouring settlements outside the fortified suburb reached 8,000 to 10,000 residents.43 For the sake of comparison, it is estimated that there were around 3,500inhabitants living in Srebrenica, while around the middle of the 15 th century Dubrovnikwith its suburbs had around 6,000 permanently settled residents. 44Parallel to its urban development, the administration of the town was also organizedand in some of its elements it could be linked to the similar establishments ofthe coastal towns. At the time when the ruler was Despot Stefan, it had its owntown’s statute. 45 During the first half of the 15 th century, the highest position inthe administration of Novo Brdo was held by a vojvoda (a military commander or agovernor) who was appointed by the ruler. As a representative of the Serbian ruler,he was in charge not only of the urban settlement with its surrounding mines, butalso of the broader town’s district – Novobrdska vlast (the Novo Brdo authority). Aknez (a royal or noble title) was in charge of maintaining the order of the town andhe was often selected from among the citizens. Like in the other Serbian towns, thedefence of the town, that is, the fortification with the town’s garrison, fell under thecompetence of a kephale. When it comes to small-scale disputes among Serbs, theexercising of the judicial duty was done by the knez, as well as by the protopresbyterwho was the chief orthodox priest in the town. There was also a church court, whichalong with the protopresbyter included other appointed priests. The town’s administrationalso included a council consisting of 12 selected citizens – the burghers.In addition to these main representatives of the authority, there was also some kindof the town’s administrative department, which most probably did not significantlydiffer from the similar services in the coastal towns. Here, a particular role was playedby a public notary, who was in charge of registering all trading transactions. 46During the 14 th century and the first half of the 15 th century, Novo Brdo developedas a typical fortified medieval town which is clearly corroborated by theremains of the fortifications that were the subject of our surveying, which will bedealt with in more detail further on. In the centre of Novo Brdo urban complex, atthe most prominent location, there was a town’s castle or a citadel as the centraldefence stronghold. Within the ramparts of the Castle, during the recent archaeologicalsurveying, remains of a residential complex of structures were discovered,with a small single-nave church in the middle. 47 On the slope on the west side of theCastle, there used to be a relatively spacious fortified part of the town, the so-calledDonji grad (Lower Town), which was strengthened on its corners with two towers.
UTVR}EYA SREDYOVEKOVNOG GRADA NOVOG BRDA 33bra}a An|elovi}i. 41 Jedan od wih je u srpskoj slu`bi stekao titulu velikog~elnika, dok je drugi, kao potur~ewak, postao beglerbeg Rumelije. Me|u srpskimvelikodostojnicima je bio i Kalojan Rusota, koji je svoju karijeru zapo-~eo kao carinik u Novom Brdu, a potom nastavio kao blizak saradnik despotaStefana i wegovog naslednika \ur|a Brankovi}a. Me|u novobrdskim gra|animaje veliki ugled uìvala i znamenita gr~ka porodica Kantakuzina. Poreddu`nosti carinika, kojom su se ~lanovi te porodice ve}inom bavili, jedan odwih, Dimitrije, bio je pisac i pesnik koji je stvarao na srpskom i gr~kom jeziku.Susre}u}i se u Novom Brdu sa raznolikim duhovnim strujawima onogavremena, on je izraàvao svoje divqewe prema anti~kom nasle|u, iako je bioduboko proèt hri{}anskim religioznim misticizmom. Pored Srba i Grka, uNovom Brdu su ìveli i obrazovani Latini. Jedan od wih, svakako najistaknutiji,bio je Martin Segon, sve{tenik u novobrdskoj sa{koj crkvi Svete Marije,koji je potom sve do svoje smrti, 1485. godine, bio ulciwski biskup. U svojimdelima, od kojih su samo neka sa~uvana, bavio se opisivawem doga|aja, kao ioblasti koje su Turci napadali i zaposedali. 42Zahvaquju}i pove}avawu rudarske proizvodwe i ukupnom ekonomskom razvoju,broj novobrdskih gra|ana ubrzano se umnoàvao. Smatra se da je u vremenajve}eg prosperiteta u Novom Brdu ìvelo izme|u 4.000 i 5.000 stanovnika,a sa prigradskim naseqima izvan utvr|enog Podgra|a, taj broj dosezao je 8.000do 10.000 stanovnika. 43 Pore|ewa radi, procewuje se da je u to vreme u Srebrenicibilo oko 3.500 stanovnika, dok je sredinom 15. veka Dubrovnik sa predgra|imaimao oko 6.000 stalno naseqenih ìteqa. 44Istovremeno sa urbanim razvojem, organizovano je i upravqawe gradom,koje bi se u nekim svojim elementima moglo povezati sa sli~nim ustrojstvomprimorskih gradova. U vreme vladavine despota Stefana Novo Brdo je imaloi svoj gradski statut. 45 Tokom prve polovine 15. veka najvi{i poloàj u upraviNovog Brda imao je vojvoda, koga je imenovao vladar. U wegovoj nadle`nosti,kao zastupnika srpskog vladara, bila je ne samo urbana naseobina sa okolnimrudnicima ve} i {ira gradska oblast – Novobrdska vlast. O poretku u gradustarao se knez, koji je ~esto biran iz redova gra|ana. Odbrana grada, odnosnoutvr|ewe sa gradskom posadom, kao i u drugim srpskim gradovima, bila je unadle`nosti kefalije. U vr{ewu sudske du`nosti, kada su u pitawu bili mawisporovi me|u Srbima, uz kneza je u~estvovao i protopop, glavni pravoslavnicrkveni velikodostojnik u gradu. Postojao je i crkveni sud, koji su, uz protopopa,~inili i izabrani sve{tenici. U upravi grada u~estvovalo je i ve}e oddvanaestorice izabranih gra|ana – purgara. Osim ovih glavnih predstavnikavlasti, postojala je i neka vrsta gradske administracije, koja se, najverovatnije,nije bitno razlikovala od sli~nih slu`bi u primorskim gradovima. Tu jeposebno zna~ajnu ulogu imao javni bele`nik, kod koga su bile registrovane svetrgova~ke transakcije. 46Novo Brdo se tokom 14. i prve polovine 15. veka razvijalo kao tipi~anutvr|eni sredwovekovni grad, o ~emu re~ito govore ostaci fortifikacija, kojesu bile predmet na{ih prou~avawa, {to }e daqe biti tema. U sredi{tu novobrdskogurbanog kompleksa nalazio se, na najistaknutijem mestu, gradski Zamakili citadela kao sredi{we upori{te odbrane. U okviru bedema Zamka, u tokunedavnih arheolo{kih istraìvawa, otkriveni su ostaci rezidencijalnog41 Jovanovi} i dr. 2004, 52–54.42 Popovi} 2016b, 154–156.43 Kova~evi} 2001, 271–273.44 Dini} 1962, 81–82;Koji}-Kova~evi} 1978, 225–228.45 Radoji~i}1962, 52.46 Dini} 1962, 73–77.
Page 5 and 6: REPUBLI^KI ZAVOD ZA ZA[TITU SPOMENI
Page 7 and 8: Marko POPOVI]Gordana SIMI]Fortifica
Page 9 and 10: Marko POPOVI]Gordana SIMI]Fortifica
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Page 13 and 14: 11Uvodna razmatrayaNASTANAK I RAZVO
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Page 17 and 18: UTVR}EYA SREDYOVEKOVNOG GRADA NOVOG
Page 21 and 22: 17Geografski polo\aji topografija N
Page 29 and 30: 25Nastanak i razvoj Novog Brdau 14.
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Page 49 and 50: 45Dosada[ya istra\ivayanovobrdskih
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UTVR}EYA SREDYOVEKOVNOG GRADA NOVOG
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89Zamak grada Novog Brda(Goryi grad
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Sl. 30. Novo Brdo - osnova ZamkaFig
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173Doyi grad - utvr]eni deogradskog
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215Podgra]eO NEKADA[WEM PROSTRANOM
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Sl. 100. Novo Brdo, pretpostavqeni
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227Zakqu;na razmatrayaISTRA@IVAWA O
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Prilozi/Appendices
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279Gordana Simi}Slobodan Radovanovi
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305Vesna Biki}Keramika Novog Brda -
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Novo Brdo Fortifications

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