Universal Joints and Driveshafts H.Chr.Seherr-Thoss · F ... - Index of

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18 1 Universal Jointed Driveshafts for Transmitting Rotational Movements Fig. 1.19. Ball jointed driveshaft in the front wheel drive 1960 Lancia Flavia. Plunge is given by a ball spline as in Whitney’s 1908 joint. Supplied by Birfield SpA Brunico (part of GKN Automotive AG) [2.7, p. 203; 2.14, p. 18]. Detail A: inboard joint. 1 outer race; 2 inner race; 3 ball cage; 4 rack of one main ball; 5 main ball, diameter 18 mm; 6 plunging ball, diameter 3/8≤ Unfortunately no-one paid any attention to his idea at that time because there were neither possibilities for production nor applications. That he was ahead of his time is shown by a further feature of his patent drawing: in the left hand part of the joint he makes provision for a ball spline. With this he tried, like so many of his successors, to obtain a combined fixed and plunging joint. This idea first went into series production in 1960 on the Lancia “Flavia” passenger car (Fig. 1.19) [2.7, p. 203] and [2.14, p. 18]. Unfortunately Whitney’s joint had the deficiency that when it was straight no forces acted on the balls to guide them into the plane of symmetry p (Fig. 1.17c) so that their position in the concentric tracks was indeterminate.
1.3 The Ball Joints 19 1.3.1 Weiss and Rzeppa Ball Joints Carl W. Weiss overcame this deficiency in 1923 by offsetting the generating centres of the ball tracks in the input and output bodies from the centre 0 of the joint by an amount c (Fig. 1.20). This created intersecting tracks which steer the balls automatically – even with a straight joint – into the angle-bisecting plane p [1.47]. Of the various designs made using the Weiss principle (F5 to F8), the F7 joint shown in Figs. 1.21 and 1.20 has proved most successful in practice. The large offset c of the generating centres O 1 and O 2 from the joint centre O (Fig. 1.21) produces tracks which, even when the joint is straight, intersect with the large angle d = 2e = 50° to 60° and steer the balls into the plane of symmetry p. The joint consists of two identical ball yokes which are positively located by four balls. Two balls in circular tracks transmit the torque while the other two preload the joint and ensure that there is no backlash when the direction of loading changes. The two joints are centred by means of a ball with a hole in the middle. This is prevented from falling out, when the joint is at an angle, by a cylindrical pin to DIN 7 or with a conical pin to DIN 1473. The largest articulation angle of the Weiss joint is 32°. The static torque capacity of five joint sizes is given in the table in Fig. 1.21. Its offset c was big enough to allow for a cage-less ball joint. The ball tracks run parallel to the axes of the input and output shafts, which is why the skew angle g the pressure angle a = 90° and the conformity in the circular cross section of the ã Q = – 0,92 to – 0,96 (j Q = 1,04 bis 1,08). Weiss however lost Whitney’s advantageous division of the joint into a bellshaped outer race and a spherical inner race with internal axial location. He chose instead a radial division with a complicated external method for axial location. A disadvantage arising from this is an articulation angle of only about 30°. In the unarticulated Bendix-Weiss joint the balls transmit the torque with a constant pressure angle a and skew angle g. In the articulated joint on the other hand, the values of both a and g depending on the articulation angle b. With the spread of front wheel drive vehicles with independent suspension, driveshafts were needed with inboard joints able to articulate up to 20°, which was achieved at full wheel travel. In addition a plunge capacity similar to the 10 to 16 mm provided by the V5 to V8 joints was needed. Initially this requirement was met with Hooke’s joints, with splines providing the plunge. After a while however, this solution was recognised to be unsatisfactory because of excessive plunging forces and the generation of too much noise by the nonuniform movement of the Hooke’s joint. The fixed Bendix- Weiss ball joint was therefore redesigned into a plunging joint. The most advanced plunging joint which works on the Weiss principle is the sixball star joint (V7). It was developed for independent suspension rear wheel drive passenger cars and allows an articulation angle of 25° and a plunge of 20 mm (Fig. 1.22) [5.10]. It has a greater torque capacity than the four-ball plunging joint (Fig. 1.21). The 1963 six-ball star joint of Kurt Enke (French pat. 1353 407) consists of an outer three-pointed star and an inner three armed inner race (Fig. 1.25) [5.10]. There are three pairs of parallel tracks in these two parts, which run on the surface of a 50° cone, symmetrically about the axis of rotation of the joint. The six balls, 18 mm in diameter, are steered firmly by the track intersections of both ball yokes: this means
Page 1 and 2: Universal Joints and Driveshafts H.
Page 3 and 4: Authors: Hans Christoph Seherr-Thos
Page 5 and 6: Preface to the second German editio
Page 7 and 8: Contents Index of Tables . . . . .
Page 9 and 10: Contents XI 4.3.3 Forces on the Sup
Page 11 and 12: 1.2 Theorie der Übertragung von Dr
Page 13 and 14: Index of Tables XV Figure 5.29 Hook
Page 15 and 16: XVIII Notation Symbol Unit Meaning
Page 17 and 18: 1.2 Theorie der Übertragung von Dr
Page 19 and 20: 1 Universal Jointed Driveshafts for
Page 21 and 22: 1.1 Early Reports on the First Join
Page 23 and 24: 1.2 Theory of the Transmission of R
Page 35: 1.3 The Ball Joints 17 1.3 The Ball
Page 39 and 40: 1.3 The Ball Joints 21 Principal di
Page 41 and 42: 1.3 The Ball Joints 23 Fig. 1.24. F
Page 43 and 44: 1.3 The Ball Joints 25 angle r (Fig
Page 45 and 46: 1.3 The Ball Joints 27 Fig. 1.30. T
Page 47 and 48: 1.3 The Ball Joints 29 motor vehicl
Page 49 and 50: 1.3 The Ball Joints 31 Fig. 1.38. F
Page 51 and 52: 1.4 Development of the Pode-Joints
Page 59 and 60: 1.5 First Applications of the Scien
Page 69 and 70: 1.6 Literature to Chaper 1 51 1.27
Page 71 and 72: 54 2 Theory of Constant Velocity Jo
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70 2 Theory of Constant Velocity Jo
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3 Hertzian Theory and the Limits of
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3.2 Equations of Body Surfaces 83 S
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3.3 Calculating the Coefficient cos
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3.3 Calculating the Coefficient cos
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3.4 Calculating the Deformation d a
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3.5 Solution of the Elliptical Sing
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3.6 Calculating the Elliptical Inte
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3.7 Semiaxes of the Elliptical Cont
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3.9 Width of the Rectangular Contac
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3.9 Width of the Rectangular Contac
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3.10 Deformation and Surface Stress
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3.12 Literature to Chapter 3 107 Me
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4 Designing Joints and Driveshafts
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4.1 Design Principles 111 and P per
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4.1 Design Principles 113 Individua
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4.1 Design Principles 115 a c Fig.
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4.2 Hooke’s Joints and Hooke’s
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4.3 Forces on the Support Bearings
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4.3 Forces on the Support Bearings
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4.4 Ball Joints 153 a b c Fig. 4.25
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4.4 Ball Joints 155 8 The curvature
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4.4 Ball Joints 157 Table 4.5. Radi
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4.4 Ball Joints 159 a ball-joint b
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4.4 Ball Joints 161 δ d R’ + - 2
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4.4 Ball Joints 163 a b Fig. 4.33.
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4.4 Ball Joints 165 2. E. Aucktor (
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4.4 Ball Joints 167 Joint centre ef
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4.4 Ball Joints 169 Figure 4.37 sho
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4.4 Ball Joints 171 a a e centring
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4.4 Ball Joints 173 The centrally s
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4.4 Ball Joints 175 a b Fig. 4.44a,
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4.4 Ball Joints 177 4.4.5.3 Steerin
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4.4 Ball Joints 179 For outward pre
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4.4 Ball Joints 181 Fig. 4.48. The
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4.4 Ball Joints 183 spherical surfa
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4.4 Ball Joints 185 p 0 5000 4500 4
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4.4 Ball Joints 187 4.4.6 Structura
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4.4 Ball Joints 189 Joint A E S G B
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4.4 Ball Joints 191 Table 4.10. Rat
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4.4 Ball Joints 193 - for speeds >
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4.4 Ball Joints 195 ∆A ∆S Nm ma
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4.4 Ball Joints 197 4.4.6.5 Calcula
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4.4 Ball Joints 199 Pressure ellips
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4.4 Ball Joints 201 In Table 3.3 mn
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4.4 Ball Joints 203 a b c Principal
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4.4 Ball Joints 205 articulation an
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4.4 Ball Joints 207 4.4.8 Service L
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4.5 Pode Joints 209 According to th
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4.5 Pode Joints 211 a b Fig. 4.74.
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4.5 Pode Joints 213 Robert Schwenke
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4.5 Pode Joints 215 4.5.2.1 Static
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4.5 Pode Joints 217 Size of joint G
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4.5 Pode Joints 219 The specific lo
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4.5 Pode Joints 221 Fig. 4.80. Trip
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4.5 Pode Joints 223 It also follows
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4.5 Pode Joints 225 In order to cal
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4.5 Pode Joints 227 1 1 1 1 2a R
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4.5 Pode Joints 229 Fig. 4.86. Redu
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4.6 Materials, Heat Treatment and M
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4.5 Pode Joints 241 treatment. The
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4.7 Basic Procedure for the Applica
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4.7 Basic Procedure for the Applica
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4.8 Literature to Chapter 4 247 4.2
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250 5 Joint and Driveshaft Configur
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c 292 5 Joint and Driveshaft Config
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c 298 5 Joint and Driveshaft Config
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346 Name Index Galilei, Galileo (15
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348 Name Index Weber, Constantin He
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350 Subject Index fixed joint - Loe
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