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19 Before long the concept Salpausselkä was extended to cover the landform complex all the way to Hankoniemi. By the early 1900s, Salpausselkä salpausselkä was the prevailing term, although as late as 1921 Ramsay suggested that the name Lohjanselkä should be revived. Strangely Strangely enough, Lohjanselkä Lohjanselkä was still used in an article in the Otava encyclopaedia published in 1960. No speci<strong>fi</strong>c specifrc name has ever ever been proposed proposed for Salpausselkä II. Until the turn of the century it was known alm almost ost exclusively exclusively as the "parallel ridge". In the early 1890s, 1g90s, it was sometimes sometimes referred to as the Minor Minor Salpausselkä as if it were somehow smaller in size. Terms Tems such as "Both parallel parallel ridges of Salpausselkä", salpausselkä", the "Inner "Inner Salpausselkä" salpausselkä" and, in the early years of this this century, the "Second "second Salpausselkä" salpausselkä" came ce-e and went went in the literature. The terms Second and Third Salpausselkäs do not seem to have gained currency currency until used by Sauramo in 1915. 191b. Berghell (1904) and Leiviskä (1920) used the term Salpausselkä collectively for Salpausselkäs I and 11. II. As late as 1921, Ramsay Ramsay tried to to bring order order to the the nomenclature of the different parts of ofthe the Salpausselkäs and and to return partly to the old practice, but it was all too late. The <strong>fi</strong>rst, second and third third Salpausselkäs, initially written in lower case, had already already found favour with younger younger geologists in in the 1920s. Alongside these, terms emphasizing geological aspects, aspects, such such as "outer "outer and inner Salpausselkäs" are still in common use today. The names northern and and southern Salpausselkäs make the odd appearance but the the Minor Salpausselkä has has practically died out altogether. As a geological term, the nnme name Salpausselkä Salpausselkä was was a gteat great success from from the very start. Iftopotkin Kropotkin imported it into Russia in the mid-1870s, mid-1870s, and in 1880, Salpau-Selkä Salpau-Selkä was was mentioned mentioned in a French French geography geography with a reference to Kropotkin (Reclus 1880). 1880). The The Swede De Geer used it in his his study of 1885. 188b. Early stages stages of systematic research into the the Salpausselkäs (IV) Systematic Systematic studies studies on the the Salpausselkäs started started in in the 1870s, by which time they could could be based based on on sound sound principles, principles, as the the ice age theory theory had been accepted as a research research tool. It was was realized how important it was for Finnish geological studies as a whole whole that the geology of these ice-marginal ice-marginal deposits be established (Sederholm, (Sederholm, 1889, 1889, p. 29 29 and 40 - 41). 4L). By the end of the century basic information that is still valid today had been been obtained about their their course. F.J. Wiik discussed discussed several several basic issues related to the Salpausselkäs in a number of papers (1871, 1874, 1874, L875,1876, 1875, 1876, 1879). Initially (1871), in accordance with earlier concepts, concepts, he described described the Salpausselkäs Salpausselkäs as beach ridges. Three years later, after studying studying the striae, he distinguished Salpausselkä I from other eskers and advanced
20 the the notion, rejected rejected by by Nordenskiöld Nordenskiöld 30 years years earlier, earlier, that that both both Salpausselkä I I (Wiik, 1874, L874, p. 290) and its its northern northern parallel ridge ridge (Ss II) were were ice-marginal moraines (op. cit. p. 293 and and Wiik, Wiik, 1875, p. 234). He He state"d stated that that Salpausselkä I I extended from Lahti Lahti to the Joensuu area (Wiik, 1874, L874,p.291), p. 291), and, and, soon afterwards afterwards (1875, p. 233), that the Salpausselkä extended from Hankoniemi Hankoniemi to Joensuu. In his his doctoral thesis, Wiik Wük declared that that Salpausselkä I I was was a distinct distinct ice-marginal ice-marginal moraine in in both external extemal and and internal intemal structure stmcture and and in relation to the the striation striation (Wiik, (Wiik, 1876, p. 89). Wiik's Wiik s other principal theses were that that the the front front of the the ice had retreated to Salpausselkä I I from from its its earlier, more extensive position (1874, (L874, p. p. 293 and 1876, p. 89), that Salpausselkä I marked the the maximum maximum level of the the Diluvial, Diluvial, or Late-glacial, Sea (1874, (1874, p. 293 and 1876, 1876, pp. 95 - 96) and that, calculated calculated from land land uplift, no more than 25 000 years had had elapsed since that that time time (1874, (1874, p. 293). Around the same time, Solitander (1875) (1875) and Jernström (1876) (1876) were were collecting more detailed material on Salpausselkä Salpausselkä to support the broad general general delineation delineation ofWiik. of Wiik. Information Inforrnation ab about out the the course, shape and structure structure of Salpausselkä Salpausselkä and its parallel ridge accumulated rapidly with with the the start start of geological mapping mapping in in Finland in in 1876. In 1885, the the Swede De De Geer Geer concluded that the ice-marginal ice-marginal moraines in the Vänern Vänern and and Vättern Vättern areas areas of of central central Sweden Sweden and and the the Ra Ra moraines moraines in in Norway Norway were contemporaneous with with Salpausselkä Salpausselkä and and its its parallel ridge, ridge, Salpausselkä II II (De (De Geer, 1884 - 1885, pp. pp. 436, 438). 438). According According to him, him, they they all mark the position position ofthe of the front front of the readvanced continental continental glacier glacier (pp. 443, 456). Between them, however, there there had been the the Baltic Ice Stream, Stream, which which had flowed along the the basin of the Baltic Baltic Sea far to to the the south. Consequently, the the ice front front could not not have extended over the Baltic Baltic Sea (pp. 442 - 443). He He also postulated postulated that that the the ice ice front front could not not have passed passed Maanselkä, the the water water divide divide on the the Finland's Finland's eastern border, but but that the margin margin of the the continental continental ice ice sheet in in Finland Finland had had trended trended northwards northwards from the Joensuu area (op. cit. cit. pp. pp. 438,457 and Plate Plate 13). In 1889, 1889, Sederholm Sederholm proposed that that Salpausselkä Salpausselkä and its its parallel ridges ridges mark synchronous positions of of the the ice ice front front during during the the retreat retreat of the ice and that in southwestern southwestem Finland there there are three ofthese of these positions. Unlike De Geer, he thought it it very very likely likely that that the the end end moraines moraines continued continued on on the the other other side of the the eastern border. border. He He also also rejected rejected De De Geer's idea idea that that the the Baltic Baltic Ice Ice Stream Stream had been contemporaneous with with the the deposition deposition of the the ice-marginal ice-marginal moraines moraines of the Salpausselkäs or Vänern (Sederholm, 1889 and Appendix 1). Salpausselktis or Vänern (Sederholm, 1889 and Appendix 1). In 1890, Ramsay studied studied the the course of the the eastern parts of the Salpausselkäs and their continuations continuations the the ice-marginal ice-marginal moraines ofKoitere of Koitere and Pielisjärvi. He pointed out that that as the the course of of the the big big ice-marginal ice-marginal moraines in in Norway, Sweden and Finland had now been established, it was time time to to continue continue the studies in Russian Karelia. Karelia. (Ramsay, 1891, Appendix Appendix 1)
Page 1 and 2: LATE WEICHSELIAN END MORAINES AND D
Page 3 and 4: Rainio, Heikki 1996. Late Weichseli
Page 6 and 7: CONTENTS CON"IENTS Preface . . . .
Page 8 and 9: The thesis is based on the followin
Page 10: Joint publications 9 I Publications
Page 13 and 14: 20 km :l .,,I End Fnd moraines * /2
Page 15 and 16: L4 14 Obsen'ations Observations of
Page 17 and 18: 16 STI'DIES STUDIES ON ON THE SALPA
Page 19: 18 there via Riihimfi, Riihimäki,
Page 23 and 24: 22 In 1920, Leiviskä Leiviska publ
Page 25 and 26: 24 24 According According to the in
Page 27 and 28: 26 In this zone, whieh which is elo
Page 29 and 30: 28 28 According to Berghell (1916),
Page 31 and 32: 30 Rainio (1972) (L972) proposed th
Page 33 and 34: s2 32 SALPAUSSEI.J(A SALPAUSSELKÄ
Page 35 and 36: 34 34 In the the light light of the
Page 37 and 38: 36 Rainio and Lahemo Lahermo togeth
Page 39 and 40: 38 11 II Rainio, H. H. 1985. 1985.
Page 41 and 42: 40 This This article presents new o
Page 43 and 44: v 42 V Rainio, Rainio,Il. H. 1993.
Page 45 and 46: 44 The conclusion is that that at a
Page 47 and 48: 46 In a zone zone about 10-km wide
Page 49 and 50: 48 The The relationship relationshi
Page 51 and 52: 50 Jaamankangas are composed of san
Page 53: 52 The The arguments presented pres
Page 56 and 57: 55 hummoeky hunmocky moraines that
Page 58 and 59: Closing words A hundred years ago,
Page 60 and 61: REFERENCES 59 Aario, R- & Forsströ
Page 62 and 63: 61 Ekman' r. & rliin, v., 1991. Deg
Page 64 and 65: 63 Hyvärinen, rryvärinen, H., 197
Page 66 and 67: 65 esker lands landscape cape of No
Page 68 and 69: 67 Rainio, H., 1978. 1978. Exkursio
Page 70 and 71:
69 Rainio, H., Saarnisto, M. & Ekma
Page 72 and 73:
71 7L Sauramo, Saurarno, M., 1928.
Page 74:
73 ?3 Wiik, wiik, F.J., 1876. Öfve
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