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There’s one special static route you’ll want to know about called the default route. This is represented by the destination network 0.0.0.0 and is the route used when a packet has a destination that isn’t covered by anything else in the routing table. Routing protocols are based on the concept that each router “knows” which network it lives on, and that it can communicate which networks it knows about to other routers. Looking at Figure 14.3 again, it makes sense that Router 1 could tell Router 2 about the 192.168.1 network, and that Router 2 could tell Router 1 about the 192.168.3 network—along with the 192.168.4 network, once Router 3 told Router 2 about it. Whoa. It’s a good thing this happens more or less automatically, because in a large network, writing this out could get really hairy. Again, here’s how dynamic routes would work in this sample network: Router 1 Tells Router 2 about 192.168.1 Router 2 Tells Router 1 about 192.168.3 Tells Router 3 about 192.168.1 Tells Router 1 about 192.168.4 Router 3 Tells Router 2 about 192.168.4 Previous Table of Contents Next
Route in Peace: Routing Protocols Previous Table of Contents Next There are four common types of routing protocols you should know about—more for configuration checking (making sure that routers are configured for the same routing protocols) than anything else. TCP/IP has two common ones, as does IPX/SPX. The oldest routing protocol, for both TCP/IP and IPX/SPX, is called Routing Information Protocol (RIP). RIP It’s important to realize that different network protocols (TCP/IP versus IPX/SPX) have different routing protocols. Although RIP for TCP/IP works similarly to RIP for IPX/SPX, they are, in fact, different. Both the TCP/IP RIP and the IPX/SPX RIP are broadcast protocols—that is, each RIP router announces its routing table to everybody on the network every so often. Also, both RIPs calculate route cost based on number of hops rather than how fast a particular route might be (for cases where multiple routers have a path to the same network). RIP can cause lots of network traffic in complex networks because it talks too much. (TCP/IP RIP will broadcast to the network every 30 seconds.) IPX/SPX has a companion protocol to RIP called SAP, or Service Advertisement Protocol. This protocol is similar to RIP in that it broadcasts information to the network to anybody who might be listening. It’s different in that it advertises servers, not routers. The reason for SAP is similar to the reason for RIP—it allows all routers to share information via broadcast. As such, it’s pretty chatty. OSPF and NLSP If your network is complex and congested, you might want to stop using IPX RIP and go with NLSP. (NLSP replaces IPX’s SAP and RIP.) Similarly, if you have a complex and congested TCP/IP network, you’d probably want to replace the RIP with OSPF. OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) for TCP/IP and NLSP (NetWare Link State Protocol) for IPX/SPX are the more advanced routing protocols. They take into account how fast a link might be and assign a cost accordingly. Each NLSP or OSPF router identifies itself to other routers on the same network and learns the routes that those other routers know.
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To access the contents, click the c
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Workshop Q&A Quiz Answers to Quiz Q
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Eminent Domain TCP/IP Graffiti DHCP
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Configuring Your Proxy Proxy Troubl
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Socks Stuff AOL Instant Messenger A
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Table of Contents Introduction: Get
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about your more complex network iss
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Tell Us What You Think! Table of Co
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with me when I was first getting st
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NIC (network interface card) The te
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MAC Attack Previous Table of Conten
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Routers Previous Table of Contents
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technology as the future of local a
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for a TCP/IP address in a large net
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Sprechen Sie DLC? Previous Table of
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socket 80 of the TCP/IP address 167
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program in a name entry; entering t
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WINS Previous Table of Contents Nex
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kind and spit them out as fast as p
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Previous Table of Contents Next Hou
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Figure 2.1 A simple logical map. If
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Figure 2.4 A physical documentation
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the room). This way, you can read t
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un on the server at 9:50 on Monday
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Previous Table of Contents Next Par
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Beware of Vendor Your vendor probab
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call the risk/benefit ratio—the a
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Workshop Q&A Previous Table of Cont
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If you determine that it’s just o
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(see Figure 4.2). Figure 4.2 An Eth
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Division of Labor Previous Table of
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just that the network itself is at
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A Each situation is obviously diffe
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Ruling out is particularly effectiv
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Drive duplication can be a big help
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Previous Table of Contents Next Aft
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5. When you log problems on a given
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if they have a plan, they are going
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Is It a Virus, Doc? Previous Table
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O: Only have tried two other Intern
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A Remember that what a user says is
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Previous Table of Contents Next Loo
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Figure 7.1 Searching several sites
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You’ll also find forums run by th
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a server but you think it should be
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Workshop Q&A Previous Table of Cont
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Previous Table of Contents Next Par
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Name Brand Versus Generic PCs The c
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static electricity that may have bu
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SIMMs and DIMMs There are two kinds
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This is called looping back, becaus
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Windows Previous Table of Contents
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Figure 8.4 The NT Task Manager’s
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UNIX Previous Table of Contents Nex
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Probably the most important thing t
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Hour 9 Ethernet Basics Previous Tab
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which translates into lots of colli
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it currently requires fiber-optic c
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designation is simply an industry-s
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Down, Down, Down Previous Table of
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A Collisions cause other errors, su
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Follow the Rules: Share and Enjoy!
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Previous Table of Contents Next Err
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Token Analyzers Finding a NAUN is r
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Token-Ring does not have any hard-a
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Down Town Previous Table of Content
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C. 1, 16 D. 4, 16 Answers to Quiz Q
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Going Native Although Windows allow
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Eminent Domain Previous Table of Co
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machine with the username Administr
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protocol. They therefore relied on
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Previous Table of Contents Next Fol
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Most of the time, you’ll not want
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allows you to manage them and check
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Binding Previous Table of Contents
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Page 165 and 166: Figure 11.8 A monitor session. We k
Page 167 and 168: case you need them. 2. What does SM
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Page 173 and 174: The first number is the process ID
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Page 179 and 180: The next thing you need to find out
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Page 187 and 188: NLMs In addition to accepting comma
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Page 191 and 192: Again, make sure you are running th
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Page 195 and 196: Then, eureka! During one session of
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Page 199 and 200: Figure 13.10 UNICON will configure
Page 201 and 202: Summary Previous Table of Contents
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Page 237 and 238: Q My vendor says that its firewall
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Page 245 and 246: groups | grep -q -w network && { ec
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Page 251 and 252: in this hour—will pay off as you
Page 253 and 254: Q Which duplication software is rig
Page 255 and 256: Hour 17 Where Do I Start? Previous
Page 257 and 258: As optimistic as we’d all like to
Page 259 and 260: • PCAnywhere • ReachOut • Rem
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Q What happens if I ping the loopba
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correlations? A. netstat -a B. trac
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equire that the application files t
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The File and Print Blues Previous T
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With five potential points of failu
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In some cases, a slight difference
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Application Celebration Previous Ta
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Proto Local Address Foreign Address
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printer 515 Line Printer Daemon (ne
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Connected to 167.195.160.6. Escape
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Workshop Q&A Q What in the blazes i
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3. A 4. B 5. False 6. B 7. True 8.
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Intranet = Internal The word intran
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Internet Identification Previous Ta
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If an outside machine is “on the
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Here I Ping Again Previous Table of
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Figure 19.6 DNS zones, like the fol
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[rs.internic.net] Registrant: John
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For example, I ran an NFS server on
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• SMTP—Simple Mail Transfer Pro
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Dialout DNS Previous Table of Conte
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3. What does DMZ stand for? A. DNS
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• It’s a way to avoid a Dilbert
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Socks Stuff Previous Table of Conte
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Figure 20.2 The AOL Instant Messeng
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RealPlayer Previous Table of Conten
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external client for proxy support,
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Typical Operation Previous Table of
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scantily, and still others are not
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Not every kind of filter is availab
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important. Your relative or interpa
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Application Antics Previous Table o
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Broken Ring Previous Table of Conte
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creating a segment between the swit
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Q Where can I get an Ethernet mini-
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Figure 22.1 The MG-Soft MIB browser
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the probe has picked up what’s go
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Previous Table of Contents Next Her
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information without the overhead th
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A. Broadcast B. Baseline C. Brag D.
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• Application efficiency • Serv
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Application and Protocol Efficiency
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and so on—is to measure. Everythi
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it a point to say, “Would you sho
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Here are the two types of performan
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Network Statistics Previous Table o
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Q About that latency analysis metho
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Router Configuration Previous Table
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For the second option, you’ll hav
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Automatic for the People Previous T
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are in an unknown location) to conn
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Previous Table of Contents Next The
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C. SYS:SYSTEM\AUTOEXEC.BAT D. SYS:P
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active hub An active hub is one tha
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A TCP-based authentication service
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applications and protocols are base
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An extremely fast network cable tha
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See Internet Group Management Proto
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A device that converts (modulates)
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providers. Point-to-Point Tunneling
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security audit An examination (ofte
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An essential part of a network inte
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Index Symbols A 100 Megabit Etherne
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C new product, 45-46 burned-in addr
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DLC (Data Link Control), 17 DMZ (de
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F fat finger factor, 42-43, 46 fata
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ICQ, 335-336 IMAP (Internet Mail Ap
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M filters, 347-352 LANDecoder, 347
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NetBIOS (Network Basic Input/Output
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network card. See NIC Network Contr
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power supply check, 66 troubleshoot
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Q-R qualitative problems, 58 quanti
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names, 393-394 NetWare, 202 paging
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T dumb terminal mode, 211, 224 full
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isolating soft errors, 135-136 LANa
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U standardizing configuration, 245
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V W upstream, 134 Usenet newsgroups
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autodetection problems, 159 broadca
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