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Political confidence Political confidence is measured by a composite index based on the mean score of responses to a total of seven questions reflecting three different sub-dimensions – perceived integrity, competence and responsiveness of elected representatives. Two questions tapping perceived integrity are as follows: * How often do you think that elected representatives in this municipality set their personal interests aside in making local political decisions? * If you consider the situation in the municipality where you live, how many of the elected representatives do you think misuse their power for personal gain? One question tapping perceived competence is the following: * Imagine a situation where two persons (A and B) are discussing municipal politics and they present the two viewpoints below. Please indicate whether you are most in agreement with the viewpoint expressed by A or that expressed by B. A) Most of the elected representatives in this municipality are competent people who usually know what they are doing. B) Most of the elected representatives in this municipality don’t seem to know what they are doing. Four questions tapping perceived responsiveness are two agreedisagree items and two other questions. * Local councilors do not care much about the views of the people in this municipality. * Political parties in this municipality are only interested in our votes, (and) not in our opinions. * How much do you feel that having elections makes the municipal council in this municipality pay attention to what the people think. Would you say not at all, very little, somewhat, quite a bit or very much? * Generally speaking how much attention do you feel the mayor and aldermen (council representatives) in this municipality pay to what the people think when they decide what to do? Would you say not at all, very little, somewhat, quite a bit or very much? Responses to all questions were recoded so high scores reflected high confidence and the index was rescaled with a theoretical scale ranging from 0 to 100. Left-right placement Based on responses to a question asking respondents to place themselves on a left-right scale, where 0 = ‘Left’ and 10 = ‘Right.’ cItIzens’ vIeWs About good locAl governAnce / 157
Good local government indices denters / gAbrIel / rose / 158 These indices were constructed by taking the average of three sets of items identified by factor analyses of responses to questions posed regarding the importance respondents attached to different aspects of local democracy and how local government should operate on a day-to-day basis. Wording of the questions and response patterns for the Danish and Norwegian samples are found in the main text and relevant footnotes.
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how Democracy works Political Repre
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how Democracy works Political Repre
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Preface / 7 tAble of contents / 5 T
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Preface There are many good reasons
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1 How Democracy Works An Introducti
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tion to the advocates of participat
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democracy has not increased accordi
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is weakest for the model that is do
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citizens do not blindly hold govern
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2 The Dynamics of Political Represe
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tors elected from the district, and
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ship appears ineffective, voters ma
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Previous analyses show that almost
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ernments. Leftist publics generally
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ingly different from the previous f
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mean that when voters do change cou
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or the German SDP under Gerhard Sch
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data are valuable, especially for t
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3 Approaching Perfect Policy Congru
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example, in most countries is const
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y subtracting the percentage of MPs
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. 1977/1979 % 50 40 30 20 10 0 cong
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extremes on the scale are used more
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ole models is simply the increase i
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Table 3.2 Collective policy congrue
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4 Dynamic Representation from Above
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4.2 From opinion to policy A new re
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very idealistic picture of the rela
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Comment: The respondents were asked
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efugees into Sweden or granting Tur
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Figure 4.1 Within-party agreement b
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in the same direction, we speak of
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Inspecting the results for the part
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Figure 4.2 Dynamic opinion represen
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% % % 100 80 60 40 20 0 100 80 60 4
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voters is as high as 81 percent. Th
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as well as among MPs, but most clea
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5 Is Governing Becoming more Conten
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Belgium and the Netherlands, as wel
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that the vote for outgoing governme
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cent in the period from the 1950s t
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The results of a simple over-time t
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Part II The Citizen Perspective
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concluded that this is so because m
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This assumption is informed by the
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6.2.2 Why a focus on ‘substantive
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on whether respondents prefer democ
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Table 6.1 Substantive supply (effec
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Sarsfield 2007). Doing so enables o
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Figure 6.4 Democratic preferences a
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causal mechanism and demonstrate it
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Page 109 and 110: Table 6.4 Examining the demand acti
Page 111 and 112: Figure 6.7 Expressive actions as a
Page 113 and 114: democracy by depreciating instituti
Page 115 and 116: modeling (Bryk and Raudenbusch 2002
Page 117 and 118: eyond discontent with particular de
Page 119 and 120: ack to autocracy (Zakaria 1997; Car
Page 121 and 122: general, as well as multiple measur
Page 123 and 124: nomic forums. It examines the exten
Page 125 and 126: Figure 7.1 Democratic experience an
Page 127 and 128: faction than any of the other demog
Page 129 and 130: even well-informed and attentive ci
Page 131 and 132: Table 7.3 Policy performance indice
Page 133 and 134: Figure 7.3 Satisfaction with democr
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Page 138 and 139: 8 Citizens’ Views about Good Loca
Page 140 and 141: sions (Thomassen 1995: 386). In the
Page 142 and 143: 11 that the municipality provides s
Page 144 and 145: importance to three of the four dim
Page 146 and 147: 4 New Kids on the Block (those born
Page 148 and 149: Figure 8.2 An analytical model rega
Page 150 and 151: Table 8.3 OLS regression results fo
Page 152 and 153: Table 8.5 OLS regression results fo
Page 154 and 155: in particular situations inasmuch a
Page 156 and 157: Appendix: Operationalization of var
Page 160 and 161: 9 Patterns of Party Evaluations Kee
Page 162 and 163: voters in directional theory is not
Page 164 and 165: function of the distance between th
Page 166 and 167: preference curves. For the same sit
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Page 172 and 173: Figure 9.5 Party support curves in
Page 174 and 175: Table 9.2 Elections and the relevan
Page 176 and 177: Table 9.3 Curvature and peaks in pa
Page 178 and 179: Figure 9.8 Party position and linea
Page 180: It appears that no model of party s
Page 184 and 185: 10 The Electoral Consequences of Lo
Page 186 and 187: ly large parties, and in particular
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Page 190 and 191: if turnout had been at the level of
Page 192 and 193: Table 10.1 Turnout effects in the 2
Page 194 and 195: ment/opposition status or party siz
Page 196 and 197: voters. This very fact might presen
Page 198 and 199: 4 This is demonstrated by many vote
Page 200 and 201: 11 Assessing the Quality of Europea
Page 202 and 203: view of democracy one would adhere,
Page 204 and 205: study of political representation i
Page 206 and 207: logical division between left and r
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One might argue that this measure f
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Figure 11.3 Political parties’ po
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strong Euroskepticism is expressed
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The final factor that we consider i
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wing than oneself and the percentag
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ties that best represent their poli
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tions then become virtually identic
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12 The Impact of the Economic Crisi
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12.2 “I’m doing fine” A first
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Figure 12.3 Satisfaction with econo
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Figure 12.4 Happiness in Germany, 2
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Table 12.1 Changes in satisfaction,
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the feeling of satisfaction with th
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noted. Apparently especially males
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of the economic crisis of the 1970s
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13 The Changing Macro Context of No
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the official name, the Government P
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13.3 Empirical analysis Political b
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in this respect has been clarity of
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welfare issues (Aardal 2003). Indee
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Figure 13.4 Voters’ attitudes tow
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Figure 13.5 The popular support of
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espondents indicated this view, whe
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with two assertions they came up wi
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(Expertise centre for urban affairs
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Welzel, Christian Professor of Poli
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Thomassen, J.J.A., Aarts, C.W.A.M.,
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Thomassen, J.J.A., and Van Deth, J.
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Kickert (Eds.), Governance in Moder
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Aarts, C.W.A.M., and Thomassen, J.J
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Andeweg, R.B., and Thomassen, J.J.A
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Scores for the Dimensions. Vienna:
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J.R. Montero and A. Westholm (Eds.)
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(Eds.), Choosing Europe? The Europe
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Hobolt, S.B., and Klemmensen, R. (2
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Kaufmann, D., Kraay, A., and Mastru
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Macdonald, S.E., Listhaug, O., and
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Mueller, D.C. (1989). Public Choice
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Powell, G.B. (2009). The ideologica
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Scharpf, F. (1999). Governing in Eu
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Thomassen, J.J.A. (1983). Relatieve
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Europa im Zeitalter der Entgrenzung
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In How Democracy Works: Political R
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