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Table 9.2 Elections and the relevance of left-right ideology Relevant Not relevant Total Europe 41 0 41 Middle East 2 0 2 Latin America 1 6 7 North America 4 0 4 Asia 3 5 8 Australia 4 0 4 curves show slopes and for some parties curvature as well. The Walloon environmentalist party Ecolo, and the Flemish VLD and CD&V all show a peak in support near their own ideological position, suggesting that the proximity model holds for these parties. In contrast, the Walloon socialist party PS and the Flemish socialists SP.A show clear directional curves. Finally, the extreme right Vlaams Blok shows a very low evaluation across the spectrum, which steeply increases for voters at the right end. Figure 9.6 Party support curves in Taiwan, 2001 Predicted evaluation 5 3 1 -1 -3 -5 Source: CSES, Module I TSU DPP NP PFP KMT -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 2 3 4 5 PAtterns of PArty evAluAtIons / 173 TSU – DPP – NP/PFP = KMT – Left-Right position
Figure 9.7 Party support curves in Belgium, 2003 Predicted evaluation Predicted evaluation a. Flanders SP.A VLD CD&V NVA VB 5 3 1 -1 -3 -5 Source: CSES, Module II -5 -4 -3 -2 0 4 5 9.7.2 Left-right ideology: curvature and peaks Table 9.3 characterizes the 317 regressions of party evaluation in terms of the type of curve that is estimated. AArts / AArdAl / 174 SP.A – VLD – Left-Right position b. Wallonia Ecolo PS CDH MR 5 3 1 -1 -3 -5 PS/Ecolo – CDH – -5 -4 -3 -1 2 3 4 5 MR – Left-Right position CD&V – NVA –
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how Democracy works Political Repre
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how Democracy works Political Repre
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Preface / 7 tAble of contents / 5 T
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Preface There are many good reasons
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1 How Democracy Works An Introducti
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tion to the advocates of participat
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democracy has not increased accordi
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is weakest for the model that is do
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citizens do not blindly hold govern
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2 The Dynamics of Political Represe
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tors elected from the district, and
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ship appears ineffective, voters ma
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Previous analyses show that almost
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ernments. Leftist publics generally
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ingly different from the previous f
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mean that when voters do change cou
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or the German SDP under Gerhard Sch
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data are valuable, especially for t
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3 Approaching Perfect Policy Congru
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example, in most countries is const
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y subtracting the percentage of MPs
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. 1977/1979 % 50 40 30 20 10 0 cong
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extremes on the scale are used more
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ole models is simply the increase i
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Table 3.2 Collective policy congrue
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4 Dynamic Representation from Above
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4.2 From opinion to policy A new re
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very idealistic picture of the rela
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Comment: The respondents were asked
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efugees into Sweden or granting Tur
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Figure 4.1 Within-party agreement b
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in the same direction, we speak of
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Inspecting the results for the part
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Figure 4.2 Dynamic opinion represen
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% % % 100 80 60 40 20 0 100 80 60 4
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voters is as high as 81 percent. Th
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as well as among MPs, but most clea
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5 Is Governing Becoming more Conten
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Belgium and the Netherlands, as wel
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that the vote for outgoing governme
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cent in the period from the 1950s t
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The results of a simple over-time t
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Part II The Citizen Perspective
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concluded that this is so because m
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This assumption is informed by the
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6.2.2 Why a focus on ‘substantive
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on whether respondents prefer democ
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Table 6.1 Substantive supply (effec
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Sarsfield 2007). Doing so enables o
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Figure 6.4 Democratic preferences a
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causal mechanism and demonstrate it
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intrinsic democratic preferences. B
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Table 6.4 Examining the demand acti
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Figure 6.7 Expressive actions as a
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democracy by depreciating instituti
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modeling (Bryk and Raudenbusch 2002
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eyond discontent with particular de
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ack to autocracy (Zakaria 1997; Car
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general, as well as multiple measur
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Page 125 and 126: Figure 7.1 Democratic experience an
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Page 129 and 130: even well-informed and attentive ci
Page 131 and 132: Table 7.3 Policy performance indice
Page 133 and 134: Figure 7.3 Satisfaction with democr
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Page 138 and 139: 8 Citizens’ Views about Good Loca
Page 140 and 141: sions (Thomassen 1995: 386). In the
Page 142 and 143: 11 that the municipality provides s
Page 144 and 145: importance to three of the four dim
Page 146 and 147: 4 New Kids on the Block (those born
Page 148 and 149: Figure 8.2 An analytical model rega
Page 150 and 151: Table 8.3 OLS regression results fo
Page 152 and 153: Table 8.5 OLS regression results fo
Page 154 and 155: in particular situations inasmuch a
Page 156 and 157: Appendix: Operationalization of var
Page 158 and 159: Political confidence Political conf
Page 160 and 161: 9 Patterns of Party Evaluations Kee
Page 162 and 163: voters in directional theory is not
Page 164 and 165: function of the distance between th
Page 166 and 167: preference curves. For the same sit
Page 168 and 169: est, party support curves will be u
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Page 172 and 173: Figure 9.5 Party support curves in
Page 176 and 177: Table 9.3 Curvature and peaks in pa
Page 178 and 179: Figure 9.8 Party position and linea
Page 180: It appears that no model of party s
Page 184 and 185: 10 The Electoral Consequences of Lo
Page 186 and 187: ly large parties, and in particular
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Page 190 and 191: if turnout had been at the level of
Page 192 and 193: Table 10.1 Turnout effects in the 2
Page 194 and 195: ment/opposition status or party siz
Page 196 and 197: voters. This very fact might presen
Page 198 and 199: 4 This is demonstrated by many vote
Page 200 and 201: 11 Assessing the Quality of Europea
Page 202 and 203: view of democracy one would adhere,
Page 204 and 205: study of political representation i
Page 206 and 207: logical division between left and r
Page 208 and 209: One might argue that this measure f
Page 210 and 211: Figure 11.3 Political parties’ po
Page 212 and 213: strong Euroskepticism is expressed
Page 214 and 215: The final factor that we consider i
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Page 218 and 219: ties that best represent their poli
Page 220: tions then become virtually identic
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12 The Impact of the Economic Crisi
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12.2 “I’m doing fine” A first
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Figure 12.3 Satisfaction with econo
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Figure 12.4 Happiness in Germany, 2
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Table 12.1 Changes in satisfaction,
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the feeling of satisfaction with th
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noted. Apparently especially males
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of the economic crisis of the 1970s
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13 The Changing Macro Context of No
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the official name, the Government P
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13.3 Empirical analysis Political b
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in this respect has been clarity of
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welfare issues (Aardal 2003). Indee
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Figure 13.4 Voters’ attitudes tow
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Figure 13.5 The popular support of
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espondents indicated this view, whe
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with two assertions they came up wi
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(Expertise centre for urban affairs
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Welzel, Christian Professor of Poli
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Thomassen, J.J.A., Aarts, C.W.A.M.,
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Thomassen, J.J.A., and Van Deth, J.
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Kickert (Eds.), Governance in Moder
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Aarts, C.W.A.M., and Thomassen, J.J
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Andeweg, R.B., and Thomassen, J.J.A
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Scores for the Dimensions. Vienna:
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J.R. Montero and A. Westholm (Eds.)
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(Eds.), Choosing Europe? The Europe
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Hobolt, S.B., and Klemmensen, R. (2
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Kaufmann, D., Kraay, A., and Mastru
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Macdonald, S.E., Listhaug, O., and
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Mueller, D.C. (1989). Public Choice
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Powell, G.B. (2009). The ideologica
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Scharpf, F. (1999). Governing in Eu
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Thomassen, J.J.A. (1983). Relatieve
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Europa im Zeitalter der Entgrenzung
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In How Democracy Works: Political R
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