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Enelow, J.M., and Hinich, M.J. (1984). The Spatial Theory of Voting: An Introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Erikson, R.S., McKuen, M.B., and Stimson, J.A. (2002). The Macro Polity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Erikson, R., MacKuen, M., and Stimson, J. (2006). Public opinion and congressional policy: A macro-level perspective. In: S. Adles and J. Lapinski (Eds.), The Macropolitics of Congress. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Esaiasson, P., and Heidar, K. (Eds.) (2000). Beyond Westminster and Congress. Columbus: Ohio State University Press. Esaiasson, P., and Holmberg, S. (1996). Representation from Above: Members of Parliament and Representative Democracy in Sweden. Aldershot: Dartmouth. Esping-Andersen, G. (1990). The Three World of Welfare Capitalism. Cambridge University Press. Estes, R. (1998). Trends in world social development, 1970-95: Development prospects for a. new century. Journal of Developing Societies 14:1-29. Evans, G. (1999). Europe: A new electoral cleavage? In: G. Evans and P. Norris (Eds.), Critical Elections: British Parties and Voters in Long-Term Perspective. London: Sage Publications. Evans, G., and Whitefield, S. (1995). The politics and economics of democratic commitment: support for democracy in transition societies. British Journal of Political Science 25: 485-513. Evans, G., and Whitefield, S. (1998). The evolution of left and right in post-Soviet Russia. Europe-Asia Studies 50: 1023-1042. Farah, B. (1980). Political Representation in West Germany. PhD dissertation. University of Michigan. Finer, S.E. (Ed.) (1975). Adversary Politics and Electoral Reform. London: Anthony Wigram. Finke, S.E., Muller, E.N., and Seligson, M.A. (1987). Economic crisis, incumbent performance and regime support. British Journal of Political Science 19: 329-351. Fisher, S.D. (2007). (Change in) turnout and (change in) the left share of the vote. Electoral Studies 26: 598-611. Flanagan, S.C. (1987). Value change in industrial societies. American Political Science Review 81: 1303-1318. Follesdal, A., and Hix, S. (2006). Why there is a democratic deficit in the EU: A response to Majone and Moravcsik. Journal of Common Market Studies 44: 533- 562. Francisco, R.A. (2005). The dictator’s dilemma. In: C. Davenport, H. Johnston and C. Mueller (Eds.), Repression and Mobilization. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. Franklin, M.N., and Van der Eijk, C. (1996). The problem: Representation and democracy in the European Union. In: C. van der Eijk and M.N. Franklin references / 275
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how Democracy works Political Repre
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how Democracy works Political Repre
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Preface / 7 tAble of contents / 5 T
Page 8 and 9:
Preface There are many good reasons
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1 How Democracy Works An Introducti
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tion to the advocates of participat
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democracy has not increased accordi
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is weakest for the model that is do
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citizens do not blindly hold govern
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2 The Dynamics of Political Represe
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tors elected from the district, and
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ship appears ineffective, voters ma
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Previous analyses show that almost
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ernments. Leftist publics generally
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ingly different from the previous f
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mean that when voters do change cou
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or the German SDP under Gerhard Sch
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data are valuable, especially for t
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3 Approaching Perfect Policy Congru
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example, in most countries is const
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y subtracting the percentage of MPs
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. 1977/1979 % 50 40 30 20 10 0 cong
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extremes on the scale are used more
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ole models is simply the increase i
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Table 3.2 Collective policy congrue
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4 Dynamic Representation from Above
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4.2 From opinion to policy A new re
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very idealistic picture of the rela
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Comment: The respondents were asked
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efugees into Sweden or granting Tur
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Figure 4.1 Within-party agreement b
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in the same direction, we speak of
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Inspecting the results for the part
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Figure 4.2 Dynamic opinion represen
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% % % 100 80 60 40 20 0 100 80 60 4
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voters is as high as 81 percent. Th
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as well as among MPs, but most clea
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5 Is Governing Becoming more Conten
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Belgium and the Netherlands, as wel
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that the vote for outgoing governme
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cent in the period from the 1950s t
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The results of a simple over-time t
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Part II The Citizen Perspective
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concluded that this is so because m
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This assumption is informed by the
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6.2.2 Why a focus on ‘substantive
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on whether respondents prefer democ
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Table 6.1 Substantive supply (effec
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Sarsfield 2007). Doing so enables o
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Figure 6.4 Democratic preferences a
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causal mechanism and demonstrate it
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intrinsic democratic preferences. B
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Table 6.4 Examining the demand acti
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Figure 6.7 Expressive actions as a
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democracy by depreciating instituti
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modeling (Bryk and Raudenbusch 2002
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eyond discontent with particular de
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ack to autocracy (Zakaria 1997; Car
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general, as well as multiple measur
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nomic forums. It examines the exten
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Figure 7.1 Democratic experience an
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faction than any of the other demog
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even well-informed and attentive ci
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Table 7.3 Policy performance indice
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Figure 7.3 Satisfaction with democr
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outcome and impact of specific gove
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8 Citizens’ Views about Good Loca
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sions (Thomassen 1995: 386). In the
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11 that the municipality provides s
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importance to three of the four dim
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4 New Kids on the Block (those born
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Figure 8.2 An analytical model rega
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Table 8.3 OLS regression results fo
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Table 8.5 OLS regression results fo
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in particular situations inasmuch a
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Appendix: Operationalization of var
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Political confidence Political conf
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9 Patterns of Party Evaluations Kee
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voters in directional theory is not
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function of the distance between th
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preference curves. For the same sit
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est, party support curves will be u
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mum occurs where the first derivati
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Figure 9.5 Party support curves in
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Table 9.2 Elections and the relevan
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Table 9.3 Curvature and peaks in pa
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Figure 9.8 Party position and linea
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It appears that no model of party s
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10 The Electoral Consequences of Lo
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ly large parties, and in particular
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form of a predicted value from an e
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if turnout had been at the level of
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Table 10.1 Turnout effects in the 2
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ment/opposition status or party siz
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voters. This very fact might presen
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4 This is demonstrated by many vote
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11 Assessing the Quality of Europea
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view of democracy one would adhere,
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study of political representation i
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logical division between left and r
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One might argue that this measure f
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Figure 11.3 Political parties’ po
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strong Euroskepticism is expressed
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The final factor that we consider i
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wing than oneself and the percentag
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ties that best represent their poli
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tions then become virtually identic
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12 The Impact of the Economic Crisi
Page 226 and 227: 12.2 “I’m doing fine” A first
Page 228 and 229: Figure 12.3 Satisfaction with econo
Page 230 and 231: Figure 12.4 Happiness in Germany, 2
Page 232 and 233: Table 12.1 Changes in satisfaction,
Page 234 and 235: the feeling of satisfaction with th
Page 236 and 237: noted. Apparently especially males
Page 238 and 239: of the economic crisis of the 1970s
Page 240 and 241: 13 The Changing Macro Context of No
Page 242 and 243: the official name, the Government P
Page 244 and 245: 13.3 Empirical analysis Political b
Page 246 and 247: in this respect has been clarity of
Page 248 and 249: welfare issues (Aardal 2003). Indee
Page 250 and 251: Figure 13.4 Voters’ attitudes tow
Page 252 and 253: Figure 13.5 The popular support of
Page 254 and 255: espondents indicated this view, whe
Page 256: with two assertions they came up wi
Page 259 and 260: (Expertise centre for urban affairs
Page 261 and 262: Welzel, Christian Professor of Poli
Page 263 and 264: Thomassen, J.J.A., Aarts, C.W.A.M.,
Page 265 and 266: Thomassen, J.J.A., and Van Deth, J.
Page 267 and 268: Kickert (Eds.), Governance in Moder
Page 269 and 270: Aarts, C.W.A.M., and Thomassen, J.J
Page 271 and 272: Andeweg, R.B., and Thomassen, J.J.A
Page 273 and 274: Scores for the Dimensions. Vienna:
Page 275: J.R. Montero and A. Westholm (Eds.)
Page 279 and 280: Hobolt, S.B., and Klemmensen, R. (2
Page 281 and 282: Kaufmann, D., Kraay, A., and Mastru
Page 283 and 284: Macdonald, S.E., Listhaug, O., and
Page 285 and 286: Mueller, D.C. (1989). Public Choice
Page 287 and 288: Powell, G.B. (2009). The ideologica
Page 289 and 290: Scharpf, F. (1999). Governing in Eu
Page 291 and 292: Thomassen, J.J.A. (1983). Relatieve
Page 293 and 294: Europa im Zeitalter der Entgrenzung
Page 296: In How Democracy Works: Political R
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