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AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ZI36.I-I986 disease in a population. €pithelium (of ahe cornea). The layer of cells fbrming the outer surface of the comea. erythema. Redness of the skin due to congestion of the capillaries. extended source. A source of radiation that can be resolved by the eye into a geometrical image, in contrast 10 a point source of radiation, which cannot be resolved into a geome*ical image. (See 8.1 for criteria.) failsafe interlock. An interlock where the failure of a single mechanical or electrical component of the interlock will cause the system to go into, or remain in, a safe mode. focal length. The distance from the secondary nodal point of a lens to the primary focal point. In a thin lens, the focal length is the distance between the lens and the focal point. focal point. The point toward which radiation converges or from which radiation diverges or appears to diverge. fundus. See oculdr fundus. funduscopic. Examination ofthe fundus (rear) ofthe natf-power poirrt. The value on either the leading or trailing edge of a laser pulse at which the power is one-half of its maximum value. hertz (Hz). The unit which expresses the frequency of a periodic oscillation in cycles per second. infrar€d radiation. Electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths which lie within the range O.?;rm to I mm. integrated radiance. The integral of the radiance over the exposure duration. Also known as pulsed radiance. Unit: joules per square centimeter per steradian (J 'cm-2 sil). intrabeam viewing. The viewing condition whereby the eye is exposed to all or pan of a laser beam where the visual angle is less than clmin (see limiting angular subtense). (See Figs. Bl and 82.) ionizing radiation. Electromagnetic radiation having a sufficiently large photon energy to directly ionize atomic or molecular systems with a single quantum event, iris. The circular pigrnented membrane which lies behind the comea of th€ human eve. The iris is perforated by the pupil. irradiance (al a poinl of a surface). Quotient of the radiant flux incident on an element of the surface containing the point at which inadiance is measured, by the area of that element. Unit watt per square centimeter (W ' cm-2). Jaeger's tesa. Samples of type of various sizes printed on a card for testing close visual acuity. An analogue of the Snellen chan for distant visual acuity. joule. A unit of energy. I joule = I watt ' second. Lambertian surface. An ideal surface whose emitted or rcflected radiance is independent of the viewing angle. laser. A device which produces an intense, coherent, directional beam of light by stimulating electronic or molecular transitions to lower energy levels. An acmnym for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation. laser safety officer (LSO). One who has authority to monitor and enforce the conhol of laser hazards and effect the knowledgeable evaluation and control of laser hazards. laser system. An assembly ofelectrical, mechanical, and optical components which includes a laser. lesion. An abnormal change in the structure of an organ or purt due to injury or disease. limiting angular sublense (dmin). The apparent visual angle which divides intrabeam viewing from extended-source viewing, (See 8.1 for criteria,) limiting aperture. The maximum diameter of a circle over which inadiance and radiant exoosure can be averaged, limiting exposure duration (tma,(). An exposure duration which is specifically limited by the design or intended use(s). (See Section 8 for examples.) lossy medium. A medium which absorbs or scatters radiation passing thruugh i1. maint€nsnce. Performance of those adjustments or procedures specified in user information provided by the manufacturer with the laser or laser system, which are to be performed by the user to ensure the intended performance of the product, It does not include operation ot seruice as defined in this section. maximum permissible exposure (MPE). The level of laser radiation to which a person may be exposed without hazardous effecl or adverse biological changes in the eye or skin. The criteria for MPE for
lhe eye and skin are detailed in Section 8 meter. A unit of length in the international system of units; cunently defined as a ' fixed number of wavelengths, in vacuum, of the orange-red line of the spectrum of krypton 86. Typically, the meter is subdivided into the following units: Centimeter (cm) = l0-2 m Millimeter (mm) = l0-r m Micrometer (pm) = l0{ m Nanometer (nm) = lOa m nominal hazard zone (NHZ). The nominal hazard zone describes the space within which the level of the direct, reflected or scattered radiation during normal operation exceeds the applicable MPE. Exposure levels beyond the boundary of the NHZ are below the appropriate MPE level. nominal ocular hazard distance NOHD). The dislance along the axis of the unobstructed beam from the laser to th€ human eye beyond which the inadiance or radiant exposure during normal operation is not expected to exceed the appropriate MPE. ocular fundus. The back of the eye. May be seen through the pupil with an ophthalmoscope. operation. The performance of the laser or laser system over the full range of its intended functions (normal operation). It does not include maintenance or service as defined in this section. ophthalmoscope. An instrument for examining the interior offte eye. optical density (D1). Logarithm to the base ten of the reciprocal of the transmittance: D1=-log1e t1, where t1 is transmittance. - optically pumped laser. A laser in which the clechons are excited into an upper energy state by the absorption of light from an auxiliary light source. photophobia. An unusual intolerance of light. Also, an aversion to light usually caused by physical discomfon upon exposure to light. photosensitizers. Substances which increase the sensitivity of a material io irradiation by electromagnetic energy. pigment epithelium (of the r€tina). The layer of cells which contain brown or black pigment granules next to and behind the rods and cones. point source. A source of radiation whose dimensions are small enough, compared with the distance between source and receptor, to be neglected in AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ZI36.I -1986 calculations. Equivalent for the purpose of this standard to intrabeam viewing. (See 8. t for criteria.) power. The rate at which energy hansfered, or received. Unit: watts second). prf. Abbreviation for pulse-repetition (See repetitively pulsed laser.) is emitted, (oules per frequency. protective housing. An enclosure that surrounds the laser or laser system that prevenls access co laser radiation above the applicable MPE level. The aperture through which the useful beam is emitted is not pan of the protective housing. The protective housing may enclose associated optics and a work station and shall limit access to other associated radiant energy emissions and to electrical hazards associated with components and tefminals. pulse duration. The duration of a laser pulse; usually measured as the time interval between the halfpower points on the leading and trailing edges of the pulse. pulsed laser. A laser which delivers its energy in the form of a single pulse or a train of pulses. ln this standard, the duration ofa pulse
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o Appendixes Appendix A This Append
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APPENDIX Laser Type Helium-Cadmium
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o o APPENDIX source d-in = Minimum
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APPENDIX which has an output of thr
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APPENDIX B3.3 Central-Beam Irradian
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APPENDIX NOTE 3: For rectangular or
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o APPENDIX ' 0,1+(200)(5 x t0-3) l.
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o o APPENDIX Step 3. Determine the
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APPENDIX Table Bl Typical Diffuse R
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I t APPENI)IX l--rxe6e---.1 Fig. B{
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o APPENDIX 't6 UJ (L d F x 9 J (r l
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APPENDIX 7lr SYMBOL AND BORDER. BLA
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APPENDIX D3. Safety Committee D3.l
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APPENDIX 82 Table Dl Recomrnended T
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APPENDIX been linked to working wit
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APPENDIX F2. Cryogenic Liquids Cryo
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APPENDIX simple heat flow models aP
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o APPENDIX Goldman, L., Rockwell, R
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Table l0 Control Measures for the F
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